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Avis technique du Ministdre de l'Enseignement Secondalre et de l'Educa- tion de Base Introduction Avant-propos Chapitre 1. NOTIONS COMPTABLES ELEMENTAIRES PREMIERE PARTIE INITIATION COMPTABLE Les objectifs essentiels de la comptabilité De l'origine du compte Présen tation et fonctionnement du compte La comptabilité en partie double Exercice d'application sur le fonctionnement des comptes Ce qu'il convient de retenir Quelques conseils Questionnaire de contrôle Chapitre 2. NOTIONS SUR LE PLAN DE COMPTES D'UNE ENTREPRE 20 L'objet du plan de comptes 21 Le Plan Comptable Général 1987 - Le cadre comptable Terminologie explicative du cadre comptable La classifica tion des comptes La liste des comptes (d'après le P.C.G. 1987) Ce qu'il convient de retenir Applications 27Quelques conseils 29Questionnaire de contrôle DEUXEME PARTIE TENUE DE LA COMPTABILITE Chapitre 1. - PREMIERES NOTIONS DE TENUE DE LIVRES 10 Force probante des livres 11- Livres obligatoires 12Prescriptions légales relatives à la tenue des livres obligatoires 14 Pidces justifica tives de la comptabilité 15Ce qu'ill convient de retenir 16Quelques conseils 17Questonnaire de controle Chapitre 2. LE SYSTEME COMPTABLE CLASSIQUE Diagramme de l'organisation comptable Le livre-journal Le grand livre -La balance 24Ce qu' convient de retenir 25Quelques conseils 26 Applications 27- Questionnaire de con trôle Chapitre 3. – DUREE DES EXERCICES COMPTABLES ET DATE DE CLOoTU 31 Durée des exercices comptables 32 Date de clôture des exercices TROISIEME PARTIE EXERCICES RECAPITULATIFS EN SERIES GRADUEES lère Série : Les comptes et leurs mécanismes - Aice-mémoire 1 . Le compte Règles du débit et du crédit d'un compte Tableau récapitulatif - Exercices 2àne Série : La nature et le fonctionnement des comptes -Aide-mémoire 2 Les comptes d'immobilisations (classe 2) -Aide-mémoire 3 .Le comnpte 37 «Stocks de marchandises» 1Alde-mémolre 4 . Les comptes de tiers (classe 4) 1Aide-mémoire 5 Les comptes financiers (classe 5) - Aide-mémoire 6 . Les comptes de capitaux (classe 1) Aide-mémoire 7 . Les comp tes de gestion 1 Exercices - Aidemémoire 8 . Les charges de personnel A. - Les éléments constitutifs des rémunérations du per- sonnel B. - Les rémunérations du gérant, des dirigeants et admi- nistrateurs de société C. - Les retenues sur salaires Le livre-journal et la journalisation - Grand livre - Aide-mémoire 9 I- Livre-journal I| Grand livre I|| Balance de vérification D. Les charges sur salaires supportées par l'employeur 395 E. - La comptabilité des salaires et des charges sur sa- laires -Grand livre - Balance

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ACCOUNTING: BASIC PRINCIPLES Basic Concepts of Accounting The Need for Financial Information The Nature of an Accounting System The Accounting Process Different Types of Business Entities Users of Financial Information Generally Accepted Accounting Principles The major Areas accounting.Analyzing Business Transactions The Importance of Accounting in Business Accounting Begins With Analysis Starting a New Business Renting Facilities Purchasing Equipment for Cash Purchasing Equipment on Credit Purchasing Supplies Paying a Creditor Preparing the Balance Sheet The Fundamental Accounting Equation Effects of Revenue and Expenses Selling Services on Credit Collecting Receivables Paying Expenses The Income Statement The Balance Sheet The Importance of the Setting Up Accounts Accounts for Assets, Liabilities, and Owner's Equity Accounts for Revenue and Expenses The Rules of Debit and Credit The Double Basic Accounting Records Journals The General Journal Ledger Accounts The General Lec Correcting Errors in the Journal and the Ledger The Trial Balance, Adjustments, and the Worksheet The Trial Balance Finding the Balance of an Account Preparing the Trial Balance Errors Revealed by the Trial Balance Errors Not Revealed by the Trial Balance The Worksheet The Financial Statements End-of-Period Procedures. Adjusting Entries Closing Entries The Postclosing Trial Balance. Accounting Cycle Service Business Accounting Cycle.Major Areas of Accounting Statements System Chart of Accounts Permanent and Temporary Accounts Journalizing and Posting Adjusting Entries Accounting for Sales and Accounts Receivable The Accounting Systen of a Merchandising Business The N Need for a Sales Journal Using a Sales Journal Recording Sales Returns and Allowances Reporting Net Sales The Need for an Accounts Receivable Ledger Using an Accounts Receivable Ledger Recording Credit Sales a Wholesale Business Credit Policies Types of Credit Sales Accounting for Sales Involving Credit Card Companies. Accounting for Purchases and Accounts Payable. Purchasing Procedures Internal Control of Purchases The Merchandiso. Purchases Account: The Need for a Purchases Journal Using a Purchases. Journal Recording Freight In Recording Purchases Returns and Allowances Determining the Cost of Purchases The Need for an Accounts Payable Ledger Using an Accounts Payable Ledger Internal Control Over Cash The The Recording Process for Cash. Accounting for Cash.The Nature of Cash Transactions Recording Process for Cash Receipts.Payments The Petty Cash Fund. Banking Procedures and Reconciliations Making Bank Deposits The Deposit Slip Preparing the Deposit Making Payments by Check Reconciling the Bank.Statement Ilustrative Case-Bank Reconciliation Banking Activities. I Internal Control and the Voucher System General Principles of Internal Internal Control of The Need for Internal Control. Control The Voucher System Operating the Voucher System Using. Voucher Register Using the Check Register Preparing a Schedule of Vouchers Payable Transactions Requiring Special Treatment Recordin. Purchase Discounts Lost. Small Business Record Systems. Systems Involving the Combined Journal One-Write Systems. Microcomputer Accounting Systems Payroll Computations, Records, and Payment Objectives of Payroll Work IIlustrative Case-The Kent Novelty.Company Determining Gross Pay for Hourly Employees. From Gross Pay Required by Law Deductions From Gross Pay Not. Required by Law Determining Gross Pay for Salaried. Employees Deductions From Gross PayRecording Payroll Information for Employees The Payroll Register The Accounting Entry for Payroll Paying the Payroll Individual Earnings Records Completing January Payrolls Proving the Individual Earnings Records Recording the Payroll Taxes, Deposits, and Reports Changes in Tax Rates and Bases Deposit of FICA Taxes and Income Taxes Withheld Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return Wage and Tax Statements Annual Transmittal of Income and Tax Statements Unemployment Insurance State Unemployment Tax Federal Unemployment Tax Worker's Compensation Insurance Internal Control THE RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Accruals and Deferrals The Accrual Basis Preparation of the Worksheet Recording the Loss From Uncollectible Accounts on the Worksheet Recording Depreciation on the Worksheet Recording Accrued and Prepaid Items on the Worksheet Recording Ending Merchandise Inventory on the Worksheet Preparing the Adjusted Trial Balance The Worksheet and the Financial Statements Entering Adjustments on the Worksheet Completing the Adjusted Trial Balance Section Recording Ending Merchandise Inventory on the Worksheet Preparing the Balance Sheet Section. Statement Section Completing the Worksheet Preparing the Financial Statements The Classified Income Statement The Statement of Owner's Equity The Classified Balance Sheet. Adjusting and Closing Procedures. Preparing the Income Journalizing the Adjusting Entries Posting the Adjusting. Entries Journalizing the Closing Entries Posting the Closing. Entries Preparing a Postclosing Trial Balance Preparing the accounts.The Next Period Reversing Entries Review of the Accounting Cycle Computerized Accounting Systems. Mainframe Computers and Minicomputers Large-Scale Computerized. Accounting Systems Control Techniques EDP Auditing Liability for Unpaid Salaries and Wages Over Payroll Operations Microcomputers as Analytical Tools.The Need for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles The Sources of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles The Present Framework. Accounting Principles. Accounting Principles and Reporting Standards Negotiable Instrumnents Notes Payable Interest Partial Payment of a Renewing a Note Payable Discounting a Note Payable at the Bank Notes Payable Register Notes Payable and Interest Expense on Notes Payable and Interest the Statements Internal Control of Notes Payable Notes Receivable Noninterest-Bearing Note Received Interest- Note Received Partial Collection of a Note Maturity Notes Received at the Time of Sale Discounting a Note Discounted-A Contingent Liability Discounted Noninterest-Bearing Note Receivable Noninterest-Bearing Note Discounted Notes Receivable Maturity Interest-Bearing Note Discounted Discounted Interest-Bearino Paid at Maturity Discounted Noninterest-Bearing Note Dishonored at Note Dishonored at Maturity Notes Receivable Register Notes Note Payable Note Not Collected at Notes Receivable and Drafts Expenses. Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Accounts Recording Losses When They Occur-The Direct Charge-Off Method Recording Actual Uncollectible Amounts Collecting an Accounting Providing for Losses Before They Occur-The Allowance That Was Written Off Other Receivables and Bad Debt Losses on the Income Statement Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts on the Balance Sheet Recognizing the Effect of Potential Cash Method Discounts Installment Sales Procedures Recording Defaults on Installment Sales Internal Control of Accounts Receivable Cost Inter Importance of Inventory Valuation Inventory Costing Methods. Market, Whichever Is Lower Inventory Estimation Procedures. Control of Inventories Merchandise Inventory Property, Plant, and Equipment ; Intangible Assets Property, Plant, and Equipment Acquisition of Property, Plant, and Equipment Cost of Using Property, Plant, and Equipment Record Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization Methods of Computing. Purposes Depletion Disposition of an Asset Intangible. Assets Acquisition of Intangible Assets Amortization of Costs o- Intangible Assets –Bearing.Receivable and Interest Income on the Statements Drafts Trade. Acceptances Internal Control of Notes Receivable Depreciation Depreciation for Federal Income Tax. Internal Control of Property, Plant, and equipment Business Taxes Iyes of Taxes come Taxes Property Taxes Licenses llustration, The Stvle Clohing Sore Taxes Tax Calenxlar Partnership Organization Other Taxes and Sales and Exercise The Nature of Partnerships Fomation of a Partnership Determining the Value of Net Assets Adjustments to Proprietorship Records The Partnership Agreement Dissolving the Sole Proprietorship Partnership Records Partnerships: Profit Division and Equity Accounting. Partner' s Capital Account Partner's Drawing Account Division of Partnership Profits Profit- Sharing Agreement Puting the Plan Into Operation Partnership Equity on the Statements Admitting a New Partner Opening the Characteristics and Formation of a Corporation Characteristics of a Corporation. Legal Aspects of a Corporation. a Coporation Types of Stock Dividends to Stockholders Values of Capital Stock Capital Stock on the Balance Sheet Comparison of Dividend Provisions Financing With Bonds Incorporating a Sole Proprietorship Revaluation of Assets Revaluation Account Transfer of Assets and Liabilities to the Corporation Receipt of Stock From the Corporation Distribution of Stock to the Proprietor and Liabilities by the Corporation Issuance of Stock Costs Balance Sheet Immediately After Organization Corporation Earnings and Capital Transactions Forming Determining Corporate Net Income Net Income and Income Acquisition of Assets Organisation Capital Stock Transactions ; Corporate Records Corporate Records Articles of Incorporation Issuing Stock to the Incorporators Issuing Additional Stock Meeting of the Stockholders Meeting of the Board of Directors Minute Book Stock Certificate Books - Capital Stock Ledger and Procedures Transfer Agent and Registrar Issuing Stock at a Premium Issuing Stock at a Discount Stated Value for No-Par Value Stock Issuing No-Par Value Stock Above Stated Value Subscriptions for Capital Stock Treatment of Payment of : Taxes Statement Presentation Entering Income Taxes and Transferring Net Income Prior Period Adjustments Appropriations of Retained Earnings Dividends Declaration of a Cash Dividend Defaults on Stock Subscriptions Records of Stock Subscriptions Treasury Stock Redemption of Preferred Stock

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Introduction to economic 1.Economics, economic issue, and economic methods 2.Scarcity, choice, and economic problems 3.Supply and demande : The basic of economic analysis 4. The economic rols of government Macroeconomisc Introduction to macroeconomics Measuring economic performance and national income accounting A framework for macroeconomic theoriy and policy

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FOUNDATION MATERIAL Zeroing In on Operations Operations Management in Action: Schools Again Offer Courses Marketing / Finance / Supporting Functions / Interdependence of Functions Today's Broader View of the Operations Function Operations: Providing a Product or Service / Operations Are of Many Types / Manufacturing Operations / Nonmanufacturing Operations/ The Challenges of Service Operations Managers' Roles In Operations Skills Needed by Operations Managers / Activities of Operations Managers to Support Company Success Supplement A/ Tour of a Continuous Production Plant: Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corp., U.S.A. Supplement B / Tour of an Intermittent Production Plant: Teledyne Brown Engineering Fabrication and Assembly Plant I Supplement C/ Historical Background and Current Perspectives The Industrial Revolution The First U.S. Factory Specialized Labor and Standardized Parts The Factory System in America The Need for New Management Skills The Management The Growth of Technology Japanese Influence on Operations Management The Rise of the Service Sector Operations Strategy Strategy Provides Focus Strategy Decisions for Operations Positioning Decisions / Other Decisions / Application: Retaining a Consistent Position 60/ Other Strategy Factors in Services Product Design: An Important Strategy Factor Product Design in Nonmanufacturing Operations / Product Design in Manufacturing Operations / Computer-Aided Design and Computer- Aided Manufacturing Supplement D / Decision Making Phases of Decision Making / Modeling / Models of Decision Making / Application: Example of a Decision Matrix Application: Example of a Decision Tree Forecasting Demand What Is Forecasting? / Types of Forecasts / Factors that Influence Demand Dilemmas of Forecasting / Forecast Time Spans and Update Frequencies / Two General Approaches: Buildup Versus Breakdown Qualitative Versus Quantitative Methods Qualitative or Subjective Forecasting Methods / Quantitative or Statistical Forecasting Methods Time Series Smoothing Simple Moving Average / Weighted Moving Average / Exponential Smoothing Measures of Forecast Error 103 The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) / Mean Square Error (MSE) / Mean Forecast Error (MFE) / The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) / Application: Example of Exponential Smoothing Time Series Decomposition Multiplicative and Additive Models / Application: Example of Time Series Decomposition Regression Methods / Application: An Example of Simple Linear Regression Using Computers to Forecast Operations Management in Action: How Personal Computers Are Changing Monitoring and Controlling Forecasts PART II PLANNING AND CONTROLLING OPERATIONS Aggregate Capacity Planning The Plan Does Not Always Equal the Forecast Strategies for Responding to Nonuniform Approaches to Aggregate Planning Bottom-up Aggregate Planning Production Planning: Basis for Detailed Scheduling / Resource Requirements Planning The Trial-and-Error Method / Linear Programming / Application: Example of the Transportation Method Linear Programming / The Linear Decision Rule (LDR) / Computer Search Methods of Aggregate Planning / Problems in Disaggregating a Top-down Aggregate Plan Selecting an Aggregate Planning Horizon Allocation of Insufficient Capacity Allocating Limited Resources to Competing Uses / Application: Example of the Graphical Method of Linear Programming Supplement E Linear Programming Aspects of Linear Programming The Graphical Method The Simplex Method The Transportation Method Overview of Materials Management Activities Materials Flow in Manufacturing Operations / Materials Flow in Nonmanufacturing Operations Functions Within Materials Management Production Control / Traffic / Receiving Categories of Purchasing Needs Objectives and Responsibilities Purchasing Steps / Value Analysis Make-or-Buy Analysis / Vendor Reasons for Inventory / Movement Inventory / The Trend Toward Operating with Less Inventory Single-Period and Multiple-Period Inventories Marginal Analysis for Single-Period Inventories / Application: Example of Marginal Analysis to Determine the Amount of Single-Period Inventory to Stock / Multiple-Period Inventory Systems / Inventory Systems for Independent-Demand Items / ABC Classification / Application: Example of ABC Classification 228 / Management of Dependent-Demand Inventories Just-in-Time Production Operations Management in Action: Just-In-Time Purchasing at Stanley- Vidmar, Inc. Managing Independent-Demand Inventory How Much Inventory Is Enough? Relevant Inventory Costs Some Costs Increase with Inventory / Some Costs Decrease with Increased Inventory Determining the Economic Order Size Total Relevant Inventory Cost / Ordering Costs Equal Holding Costs at the EOQ / Marginal Costs / Application: Example of Order-Quantity Determination / Determining the Production Lot Size Evaluating Quantity-Discount Opportunities Application: Example of Price-Break Order Determining the Reorder Level Factors Affecting Safety Stock Level / Methods of Determining the Safety Stock Level Application: Example of Setting a Reorder Level on the Basis of an Empirical Probability Distribution Application: Establishing a Safety Stock Level (Reorder Level) with Explicit Stockout Cost Using Computers to Manage Independent Inventory Managing Dependent-Demand Inventory and Capacity Material Requirements Planning The MRP Technique-A Requirements Calculator / MRP-A Manufacturing Planning and Control System / MRP II-A Broader Resource Coordination System / The Focus Is Manufacturing Planning and Control A General Overview of MRP 285 Inputs and Outputs of MRP 288 The Master Production Schedule / Bill-of-Materials File / Inventory Status File / Outputs of MRP Some Adaptations in Using MRP Master Scheduling at a Level Below Finished Product / Regenerative MRP or Net Change MRP? / Scrap Allowances / Safety Stock / Lot Sizing Application: Using the Part-Period Algorithm 304 Capacity Requirements Planning Potential Benefits from the Use of MRP Operations Management in Action: Move to MRP Helped Steelcase Boom Implementations of MRP Management Commitment / User Involvement / Education and Training / Selection of Packages / Data Accuracy / Realistic Master Scheduling Scheduling and Controlling Manufacturing Operations Moving from Plans to Reality The Nature of Job Shop Manufacturing Estimation and Precontract Planning Job Shop Scheduling and Production Control The Production Control Department / Scheduling and Controlling Contracts / Application: Job Sequencing by Johnson's Rule The Gantt Chart for Tracking Job Progress Production Control for Intermediate Quantities Input-Output Control / Planning and Controlling Priorities with MRP Production Control for Repetitive Manufacturing Just-In-Time Production Uniform Production Rate / Pull vs. Push Method of Coordinating Work Centers / The Kanban System / Small Lot Size / Quick, Inexpensive Setups / Multiskilled Workers and Flexible Facilities / High Quality Levels / Effective Preventive Maintenance / Working to Improve the System / Operations Management in Action: Kan Ban? Can Do! Example of Line Balancing / Other Considerations / Potential for Increases in Production Rate Scheduling and Controlling Service Operations Unique Challenges of Service Customer Involvement / Limited Ability to Hold Services in Inventory Strategies for Influencing Demand Patterns Maintenance of Fixed Schedule / Use of an Appointment System / Delayed Delivery / Providing Economic Incentives for Off-Peak Demand Strategies for Coping with Nonuniform Demand Telephone Services / Banking Services / The Postal Service / Operations Management in Action: How the USPS Copes with Non-Uniform Demand 392/Other Services / Operations Management in Action: How a Fast Food Restaurant Copes with Nonuniform Demand 393/Operations Management in Action: How Harper-Grace Hospitals Copes with Nonuniform Demand 394/A Production-Line Equivalent Waiting-Line Analysis The Structure of Queuing Systems / Development of Queues / Mathematical Solution to Waiting Problems / Application: Analysis of a Single-Channel Queue 403 / Constant Service Time / Truncated Queues / Application: The Effect of a Truncated Queue Supplement F / Simulation Advantages of Simulation Limitations and Cautions Methodology for Simulation Monte Carlo Simulation Application: Example of Monte Carlo Simulation Applications of Simulation Scheduling and Controlling Projects Project Management Network-Based Scheduling Some Advantages of Network Scheduling Steps in Using Network Techniques Precedence Relationships Critical Path / Float or Slack / Forward Pass / Backward Pass / Example of Scheduling Calculations Using Probabilistic Time Estimates Optimistic Time / Pessimistic Time/Most Likely Time / Application: The Use of AOA and Probability in PERT Network-Based Schedule 448/ A Caution Regarding Probabilities / Simulation of Project Duration Monitoring Projects with Network Techniques Supplement G / Maintenance Preventive and Remedial Maintenance The Importance of Sound Maintenance Management Managing Maintenance Activities Basic Maintenance Decisions Evaluation of Preventive Maintenance Policies Application: Analyzing Cost of Maintenance vs. Why Is Quality Important? The Importance of Quality to a company Operations Management in Action: Top Management to Purchasing: Make Quality Your Top Controlling Quality of Design Operations Management in Action: Ideas from Dr. Operations and Quality of Conformance Interrelated Activities Pertaining to Quality / Where and Statistical Tools to Control Quality of Conformance Type I and II Errors / The Control Chart: A Stimulus to Corrective Action / Establishing Control Limits for X and R/ Application: Establishing Control Limits for X and R / Sampling by Attributes/ Control Charts for the Fraction Defective / Control Charts Single Sampling / Double Sampling / Sequential Sampling / Selecting a Single Sampling Plan for Sampling by Attributes / Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)/ Application: Finding a and B for a Stated Sampling Plan 501 Dodge-Romig Tables / Mil-Std-105D Quality Circles DESIGNING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Facility Location The Importance of Location Competition / Cost / Hidden Effects Market-Related Factors / Tangible Cost Factors / Intangible Factors Location Evaluation Methods General Steps in Location Selection / Grouping of Service Areas / Cost- Profit-Volume or Break-Even Analysis / Point Rating / The Transportation Method / Application: Use of the Transportation Method in Location Analysis Simulation / Application: A Nonmanufacturing Location Analysis Major Materials-Handling Methods / Selecting a Materials-Handling Group Technology / Some Common Cell Arrangements / Operations Management in Action: A Customized, Robotized Machining Cell Flexible Manufacturing Systems Advantages of FMS / Limitations of FMS Factors that Influence Layout Selection Layout by Product / Layout by Process / Transportation Cost as a Criterion for Layout / Nontransportation Factors / Computer Packages for Layout Analysis Arrangement of Facilities within Departments The Need for Versatility / Application: Example of a Nonmanufacturing Layout Job Design Aspects of Job Design Objectives / The Balancing of Objectives / The Role of Machines / When Should Machines Be Used? / Machine-Worker Interaction / Multiple-Activity Chart Theories of Job Satisfaction and Motivation Maslow's Needs Hierarchy / Operations Management in Action: Companies Widen Worker Role in Decisions: Management Turns to Sharing Decisions with Workers for Benefit of Both Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory/ Expectancy Theory / Sociotechnical Systems Theory / Desirable Job Job-Enrichment Programs Work Efficiency and Motion Economy Micromotion Study Human Factors and Ergonomics Design of Physical Devices / The Work Environment Methods Analysis and Improvement Methods-Improvement Procedure / Flow Process Chart / Application: Use of a Flow Process Chart Productivity, Work Measurement, and Compensation The Importance of Productivity / Historical Review of Productivity/ Reasons for the Decline in Productivity Improvement/Reasons for the Revival of Productivity / Operations Management in Action: We Produce More on Job, Slow Inflation Productivity and Measurement Uses of Time Standards / Where Work Measurement Can Be Applied Methods Used in Setting Standards Time Study / Standard Data / Predetermined Motion Times / Historical Records / Work Sampling / Employee Self-Timing Aspects of Compensation Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards / Time-Based or Incentive Pay Some Types of Wage Incentive Plans Piece-Rate Plan / Standard-Hour Wage Plan / Gain-Sharing Plans/ Recommendations Group Incentive Plans Direct-Wage Group Incentive Plans / Profit-Sharing and Cost-Reduction Plans The Scanlon Plan / The Lincoln Electric Plan A Glance at the Big Picture Need for a Broad Systems View External Influences on Operations Political, Social, and Economic Influences Future Trends in Operations Management Operations Management in Action: The Furor Over America's Ability to Cumulative Probabilities of the Normal Learning Curve Tables Cumulative Poisson Probabilities Random Digits Factors for Constructing Control Charts

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Using Communication in Business Overcoming the hurdles to effecive communication Language barriers : the second hurdle An organization’s ommunication Climate,flow and loops Communication skills that managers must develop Putting Effective Communicaion into Action Overview of the chapters

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DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Entrepreneurship Examples Entrepreneurship Initiates Changes Entrepreneurship Spawns Entrepreneurship INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND NONECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP Comparative Analysis of Economic and Noneconomic Conditions of Great Britain and France Government's Impact on Entrepreneurship Current Conditions in Europe The Current Status of Entrepreneurship in Other Selected Countries ENTREPRENEURSHIP MODEL Foundation Aspiring Entrepreneurs Collaborative Affiliation Venture Incubator New Business Returns to All the Components Assignment Biblograplhy Analysis of the Entrepreneur GENERAL COMMENTS ABOUT THE ENTREPRENEUR Supply of Entrepreneurs THE ENTREPRENEUR AND INNOVATION Types of Innovation Innovation Goal How to Innovate PROFILING THE ENTREPRENEUR Characteristics Stereotypes Tendencies Tools of Self-analysis RISK TO THE ENTREPRENEUR Overview of Risk Risk Areas STRESS ON THE ENTREPRENEUR Benefits of Ownership Sources of Stress Coping Mechanisms BIG CORPORATIONS USE OF ENTREPRENEURS The Classic Scenario Entrepreneurs in Corporations Assignment Bibliography PART TWO PRODUCT-SERVICE CREATION AND EVALUATION 3 Product-Service ldeas INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT-SERVICE IDEAS Need and WantThe Twin Mothers of A Few Examples Characteristics of Successful Product- Service ldeas SOURCES OF PRODUCT-SERVICE IDEAS internal Sources External Sources METHODS OF GENERATING PRODUCT- SERVICE IDEAS Market Gap Analysis Observation Notebook and ldea-Board Method Life-Style Analysis Method SURVIVAL OF PRODUCT-SERVICE IDEAS Market Orientation Competitive Orientation Product-Service ldea Analysis and Evaluation THE REAL VALUE OF AN IDEA Examples of Useful (Useless) Product- Service Ideas Examples of Product-Service Ideas Translated into Business THE EVALUATION PROCESS Conceptual Evaluation Technical Feasibility Generally Accepted Evaluation Methods MARKET RESEARCH Marketing Questions Use of Your Own Market Survey Use of Market Research Firms Use of Trade Associations and Journals Use of Government Reports Use of University Bureaus of Business Research and Experiment Stations MEANS OF ENTERING BUSINESS ENTREPRENEURSHIP REVISITED Entrepreneurs are Spawning Start-ups The Entrepreneurial Process and the Start-up WHY STARTUPS FAIL How Venture Capitalists Weight a Start-up The Entrepreneur Normal Pitfalls of a Start-up Going Against the Probabilities THE BUYOUT VERSUS STARTING FROM SCRATCH Advantages of the Buyout Advantages of Starting from Scratch The Leveraged Buyout Imperatives of a Buyout FINDING THE RIGHT COMPANY Ideal Profile for a Leveraged Buyout Matching the Buyer to the Buyout Candidate Target Company Profile Search Strategy THE MAJOR PLAYERS The Sellers The Buyers Financing Sources Other Third Parties A Typical Leveraged Buyout Advantages and Disadvantages of Giving up Equity Testing the Financial Package Goldstein's Financial Pyramid VALUING THE BUYOUT, NEGOTIATING THE PRICE, AND CLOSING THE DEAL Quantitative Measure of Value Goodwill Negotiating Price Closing the Deal THE FRANCHISED BUSINESS Types of Franchises Advantages of a Franchised Business Disadvantages of a Franchised Business HOW TO FIND AND SELECT THE RIGHT FRANCHISE Getting Information About the Franchise The Franchise Contract SOME EXAMPLES Examples of Domestic Franchise Opportunities Examples of Foreign Franchise Opportunities PART FOUR PROMISING ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES The Mail Order Business INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF THE MAIL ORDER BUSINESS Types of Mail Order Why People Buy Via Mail Order History of Mail Order Future of Mail Order HOW TO GET STARTED IN MAIL ORDER Préparation Advantages of the Mail Order Business Kinds of Products-Services That Sell Sources of Mail Order Products-Services Copycatting Ways to Get Started Costs and Pricing Considerations ADVERTISING STRATEGIES Choosing Advertising Media Classified Advertising Display Advertising Catalogs Using Other Media How to Write Advertising Copy Testing LEGAL ASPECTS OF MAIL ORDER Importance of the Law in Mail Order Price Comparison Delivery of Product-Service Endorsements and Testimonials Advertising Copy Dry-testing Unordered and Substituted Merchandise FTC Negative Option Rule International Trade THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE SCENE Recent History Implications of International Trade Trade Deficit FACTORS AND BARRIERS IN INTER- NATIONAL TRADE Different Factors in International Trade Barriers to Trade and the Challenge OPPORTUNITIES IN INTERNATIONAL Opportunities in Third World Markets ASEAN Opportunities Foreign Market Entry Strategies PRODUCT-SERVICE CONCEPT IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE Product-Service Adaptation Additional Product Features The Export Business IMPORTANT FACTORS IN STARTING AN EXPORT BUSINESS Stages of Exporting Counsel for Exporters Publications for Exporters Finance and Insurance for Exporters EXPORT MARKETING PROGRAMS Promotion of Export Sales Export Management Companies (EMCs) Export Trading Companies (ETCs) Selling Directly The Use of Foreign Trade Zones MECHANICS OF EXPORTING Pricing Preparing the Quotation International Communications Receiving Payment Packing and Marking Shipping the Product Export Documentation A Potpourri of Opportunities MOONLIGHTING OPPORTUNITIES Why People Moonlight Selected Opportunity Examples SHOPPING CENTER DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES Types of Shopping Centers Size of Shopping Centers Parking Space Ratios Tenant Mix Gross Leasable Area Lease Payments Lease Revenue Operational Rules and Regulations Sources of Financing Site Analysis and Selection Location Within the Shopping Center Promoting the Shopping Center TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES Overview of Technology Development The Need for New Technology The Turnaround and Emerging Inventrepreneur Technology Transfer and Commercialization SELECTED ROLE MODEL PROFILES Hello, Irene We-Deliver Tom Kapoor's Caper A Conveyor to Success Handy Andy I-Bought-the-Company Victor A Gadget Freak Sell-the-Sizzle Joe Head Gets Ahead One Who Stopped to Smell the Roses PART FIVE LEGAL AND FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS Structuring the Business Venture THE ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAM Building the Entrepreneurial Team How Investors View the Entrepreneurial Team Working Out a Fair Arrangement THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Selection of Board Members How Directors Can Help INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP Advantages of a Sole Proprietorship Disadvantages of a Sole Proprietorship Advantages of a General Partnership Disadvantages of a General Partnership Advantages of a Limited Partnership Disadvantages of a Limited Partnership CORPORATION Overview of Incorporating General Advantages of Incorporating Tax Advantages of Incorporating Disadvantages of Incorporating Subchapter S Corporation Summary Comments About Incorporating BUSINESS FORMALITIES Selecting a Name Qualifying to Do Business Business Licenses, Fees, and Filings Tax and Insurance Considerations Summary Assignment Bibliography Protecting the Business Venture INTRODUCTION BUSINESS RECORDKEEPING Keeper of the Records Factors Affecting the Retention of Records Classifying Records for Retention Destruction of Records PROTECTING INVENTIONS AND KNOW-HOW Model Development Example of Key Events in Commercializing a Product Commercializing an Innovation/ Copyrights Trademarks and Service Marks Trade Secrets Summary Example Employment Contract Marketing Contracts Sales Warranties Surety Bonds for Protection Consequential Loss Insurance for Protection Credit Insurance for Protection Product-Service Liability Protection Use of Deposits, Escrows, Guaranties, and Indemnities for Protection RISK MANAGEMENT Overview Loss of Property Loss of Earning Power Future Expenses Legal Liability BANKRUPTCY AND OTHER DEBTOR- CREDITOR ARRANGEMENTS Bankruptcy Proceedings Chapter Liquidation Chapter Reorganization REGULATORY AGENCIES The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Financing Instruments and Venture Capital FINANCING INSTRUMENTS AND PACKAGE Financing Instruments Financing Package SELLING SECURITIES Advantages of Selling Securities Disadvantages of Selling Securities Investment Bankers-Underwriters Private Stock Offering SEC Registration for Going Public Reporting Responsibilities of Going Public Blue-Sky Laws Pricing the Stock Typical Sequence of Events of a Public Offering VENTURE CAPITAL Advantages of Venture Capital Financing Myths About Venture Capitalists Checklists of What the Venture Capitalist

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Preliminary Considerations ? Security and the Lodging Industry ? A Gowing Conem The Ned r Ettive Management. Some InmportantPointss. Securntv and the Law. Setting Up the Security Program. The Imortance of Law Eniorement Liaison. Seruritv Statting The Elements ot Training. Security Equipment and Procedures. Security Equipment Physical Security and Perimeter Control. Surveillance. Communication System Alarm Systems. Guestroom Security. Security Procedures Covering Guest Concerns Key Control. Surveillance and Access Control Proedures. The Presence of Unauthorized Persons. Safe Deposit Box Procedures. The In-Room Sate. Lost and Found Procedures. Departmental Responsibilities in Guest. and Asset Protection. Losses Affecting Al Departments. Responding to Employee Theft.The Personnel Function The Engineering Department.The Rooms Division The Purchasing and Receiving Functions. Storage and Issuing The Food and Beverage Department. The Marketing, Sales, and Public Relations Functions. The Protection of Funds. Control Procedures Within the Accounting Function. Physical Protection of the Accounting Function Cashiering Procedures. Establishing Credit Policies and Procedures. Computer Security. Additional Management Responsibilities and Concerns. Report Writing and Recordkeeping. Media Relations Special Guests and Events. Swimming Pools. Health Clubs and Jogging Trails. Emergency Management Developing an Emergency Management Program. Bombs or Bomb Threats. Fire. Hurricanes. Tornadoes. Floods Earthquakes. Blackouts. Robberies. Medical and Dental Emergencies Terrorism. An Overview of the Occupational Safety. and Health Act Safety in the Lodging Property:Á Guide to OSHA Regulations Developing a Safety Program.The Safety Committee

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Preliminary Considerations ? Security and the Lodging Industry ? A Gowing Conem The Ned r Ettive Management. Some InmportantPointss. Securntv and the Law. Setting Up the Security Program. The Imortance of Law Eniorement Liaison. Seruritv Statting The Elements ot Training. Security Equipment and Procedures. Security Equipment Physical Security and Perimeter Control. Surveillance. Communication System Alarm Systems. Guestroom Security. Security Procedures Covering Guest Concerns Key Control. Surveillance and Access Control Proedures. The Presence of Unauthorized Persons. Safe Deposit Box Procedures. The In-Room Sate. Lost and Found Procedures. Departmental Responsibilities in Guest. and Asset Protection. Losses Affecting Al Departments. Responding to Employee Theft.The Personnel Function The Engineering Department.The Rooms Division The Purchasing and Receiving Functions. Storage and Issuing The Food and Beverage Department. The Marketing, Sales, and Public Relations Functions. The Protection of Funds. Control Procedures Within the Accounting Function. Physical Protection of the Accounting Function Cashiering Procedures. Establishing Credit Policies and Procedures. Computer Security. Additional Management Responsibilities and Concerns. Report Writing and Recordkeeping. Media Relations Special Guests and Events. Swimming Pools. Health Clubs and Jogging Trails. Emergency Management Developing an Emergency Management Program. Bombs or Bomb Threats. Fire. Hurricanes. Tornadoes. Floods Earthquakes. Blackouts. Robberies. Medical and Dental Emergencies Terrorism. An Overview of the Occupational Safety. and Health Act Safety in the Lodging Property:Á Guide to OSHA Regulations Developing a Safety Program.The Safety Committee

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1 Introduction Defining Terms. Types of Food and Beverage Operations in a Hotel The Manager of Dining Service Service: The Marketing Perspective. Quality in Dining Service. 2 Personnel Administration .. Employee Recruitment and Selection Procedures Orientation and Training Programs. Principles of Supervision Motivation and Morale. Evaluation Procedures Employee Discipline Programs , 3 Menu Planning Menu Planning Objectives. Menu Planning Procedures Basic Types of Menus. General Menu Planning Considerations. Menu Planning Constraints. Health and Wellness: New Concerns in Menu Planning The Menu and the Food Service Operation. The Menu and the Service Plan.. Designing the Menu. 4 Food Production Systems. Coffee Shops. Room Service Banquet Operations. Timing Food Orders Facilitating Communication Between Production and Service Personnel Service Staff in Production Areas. 5 Dining Service Supplies and Equipment Purchasing Receiving and Storing. Issuing Controlling Dining Service Supplies 6 Dining Service Methods and Procedures.. American or Plate Service French or Cart Service Russian or Platter Service. English or Family Service. Buffet Service Salesmanship in the Dining Room. 7 Controlling Service Labor Costs . Establishing Performance Standards Incorporating Fixed Labor Requirements Developing the Staffing Guide Forecasting Food Service Sales Scheduling Employees Measuring Productivity Putting It All Together to Control Labor Costs. 8 Sales Income Control Systems. Manual Guest Check Procedures Rules for Guest Checks Cash Handling Equipment Income Control Procedures Income Theft: Methods and Precautions Accepting Noncash Payments. Planning for Cash Income Control Coffee Shop Service Personnel. Coffee Shop Service Procedures. Forecasting and Employee Scheduling Supplies and Equipment Control Procedures Speial Concerns 10 Room Service.. Personnel Room Service Procedures. The Room Service Menu Forecasting and Employee Scheduling Supplies and Equipment Income Control Procedures.. 11 Dining Room Service Personnel Dining Room Service Procedures Reservation Systems The Dining Room Menu Supplies and Equipment 12 Danquet Service Banquet Business Markets Organization of a Banquet Department An Overview of Banquet Duties and Responsibilities. Pricing Barnquets. Banquet Contracts Protocol for Banquets Banquet Income Control.. 13 Other Dining Services Vending Machine Services. Cafeteria Food Service Employee Dining Arrangements Off-Site Catering Operations. VIP Dining Rooms. Club and Show Operations Miscellaneous Food Services 14 Deverage Service. Personnel. cedures for Beverage Service. Supportive Functions for Dining Service Purchasing Beverage Service Supplies and Equipment. Bar Design 15 Sanitation, Safety, and Security . Sanitation. Safety Security. PART III 16 Dining Room Design, Decor, and Maintenance Planning an Effective Design Dining Room Decor and Ambience . Maintenance of Dining Areas Appendix A - Selecting Table Linens Appendix B - Preparing for Kosher Service Educational Institute Doard of Trustees

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Acknowledgments Preface 1 A Violent Beginning 2 The Comforts of Insularity 3 ATest of Manhood 4 Bethlehem Steel at Home 5 Difficult Years for Men of Vision 6 The Years of Self-Destruction- 7 Steel and the Presidents, Again 8 Bethlehem Steel's Götterdämmerung 9 Ominous Signals and No Quick Fix 10 The Sinking of the Flagship 11 Bethlehem's Black Friday 12 A Different Style at the Top 13 Taking the Lumps at Bethlehem 14 Dismissal Trauma 15 Hard Road to Concessionary Bargaining 16 In the Super Bowl of Trade Litigation 17 After the Plant Shuts Down 18 The Meanest and the Best 19 When the Workers Buy the Company 20 Pinning the Blame 21 Can It Be Saved? Index

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Acknowledgments Preface 1 A Violent Beginning 2 The Comforts of Insularity 3 ATest of Manhood 4 Bethlehem Steel at Home 5 Difficult Years for Men of Vision 6 The Years of Self-Destruction- 7 Steel and the Presidents, Again 8 Bethlehem Steel's Götterdämmerung 9 Ominous Signals and No Quick Fix 10 The Sinking of the Flagship 11 Bethlehem's Black Friday 12 A Different Style at the Top 13 Taking the Lumps at Bethlehem 14 Dismissal Trauma 15 Hard Road to Concessionary Bargaining 16 In the Super Bowl of Trade Litigation 17 After the Plant Shuts Down 18 The Meanest and the Best 19 When the Workers Buy the Company 20 Pinning the Blame 21 Can It Be Saved? Index

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Acknowledgments Preface 1 A Violent Beginning 2 The Comforts of Insularity 3 ATest of Manhood 4 Bethlehem Steel at Home 5 Difficult Years for Men of Vision 6 The Years of Self-Destruction- 7 Steel and the Presidents, Again 8 Bethlehem Steel's Götterdämmerung 9 Ominous Signals and No Quick Fix 10 The Sinking of the Flagship 11 Bethlehem's Black Friday 12 A Different Style at the Top 13 Taking the Lumps at Bethlehem 14 Dismissal Trauma 15 Hard Road to Concessionary Bargaining 16 In the Super Bowl of Trade Litigation 17 After the Plant Shuts Down 18 The Meanest and the Best 19 When the Workers Buy the Company 20 Pinning the Blame 21 Can It Be Saved? Index

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Acknowledgments Preface 1 A Violent Beginning 2 The Comforts of Insularity 3 ATest of Manhood 4 Bethlehem Steel at Home 5 Difficult Years for Men of Vision 6 The Years of Self-Destruction- 7 Steel and the Presidents, Again 8 Bethlehem Steel's Götterdämmerung 9 Ominous Signals and No Quick Fix 10 The Sinking of the Flagship 11 Bethlehem's Black Friday 12 A Different Style at the Top 13 Taking the Lumps at Bethlehem 14 Dismissal Trauma 15 Hard Road to Concessionary Bargaining 16 In the Super Bowl of Trade Litigation 17 After the Plant Shuts Down 18 The Meanest and the Best 19 When the Workers Buy the Company 20 Pinning the Blame 21 Can It Be Saved? Index

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Acknowledgements WAR Survival and Hope PEACE Our New Life Begins SELLING TO THE WORLD My Learning Curve ON MANAGEMENT It's All in the Family AMERICAN AND JAPANESE STYLES The Difference COMPETITION The Fuel of Japanese Enterprise TECHNOLOGY Survival Exercise JAPAN AND THE WORLD Alienation and Alliance WORLD TRADE Averting Crisis

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Underlying Factors in.Setting Goals and Objectives Goal Structures. Why Worry About Goals ? Purposes Served by Goals.Failure in Achieving Goals Effects of Goal Differences on Behavior Goals and Related ldeas. Goal Definitions Organizations as Goal-Seeking Entities Multiple Goals. Goals or Constraints Hierarchy: Basic ldeas .Hierarchy of Objectives Relevance of Goal Structures Ideally Constructed Goals and Objectives Rational and Political.Perspectives in Establishing Objectives.Rational Processes Power.Power Sources.Setting Economic Goals Strategy and Coalitions Politics, Strategy, and Future Directions Considering Social Goals First Step: What Can Be Accomplished? Recapitulation Is Industry the Right Surrogate for Environment? Using Environmental and Strategic Groups in Goal Setting Organizations as Adapting Systems Historical Perspectives. Changing Social Values External Pressures. Collective Actions Governmental Pressures. Professional Organizations External Stakeholders. Pinpointing Social Changes Organizational Response to External Demands Social Responsibility. Concluding Analyses Management by Objectives. What Is MBO ? Assumptions in MBO. Recurring Goals Developmental Goals. Personal Goals Goal Levels. Specific Goals .MBO in Perspective Goal-Setting and Review Process Roles of Performance Evaluation Reviewing Adequacy and Achievement of Goals Performance Evaluation in Review Pitfalls in Management by Objectives What to Review? Goal Adequacy Making the Numbers Woolworth Revisited Summary and Reflection

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Marketing: The Individual, the Organization, and Society What Is Marketing? Some Early Defnitions A Modern Definition of Marketing The Dimensions of Marketing. Marketing Systems Marketing from the Perspective of the Marketer Too Generic Marketing Goals Three Marketing Strategies Marketing Tools The Origins and Functions of Marketing The Need for Marketing Marketing in the Twentieth Century The Inward Focus. The Outward FocuS The Holistic Focus. The Universality of Marketing Marketing Management : A Strategic Planning Model Introduction The External and Internal Environments Marketing Management Commentary: Modern Marketing (Theodore Levitt) Consumer Behavior: The Individual Decision Maker A Historical Look at Three Basic Models of Consumer Behavior The economic Model The Stimulus-Response Model The Stimulus-Organism-Response Model A General Model of Consumer Behavior Introduction to the Model Perceptual and Sensing Processes Information Processing The Elements of the Control Unit and Their Impaet on Behavior Three Fundamental Kinds of Consumption Impulse Buying Habitual Purchase Behavior Consumption Problem Solving Representing Consumption Problem Solving The Case of the Attitude Model Basics An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case I An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case II

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Marketing: The Individual, the Organization, and Society What Is Marketing? Some Early Defnitions A Modern Definition of Marketing The Dimensions of Marketing. Marketing Systems Marketing from the Perspective of the Marketer Too Generic Marketing Goals Three Marketing Strategies Marketing Tools The Origins and Functions of Marketing The Need for Marketing Marketing in the Twentieth Century The Inward Focus. The Outward FocuS The Holistic Focus. The Universality of Marketing Marketing Management : A Strategic Planning Model Introduction The External and Internal Environments Marketing Management Commentary: Modern Marketing (Theodore Levitt) Consumer Behavior: The Individual Decision Maker A Historical Look at Three Basic Models of Consumer Behavior The economic Model The Stimulus-Response Model The Stimulus-Organism-Response Model A General Model of Consumer Behavior Introduction to the Model Perceptual and Sensing Processes Information Processing The Elements of the Control Unit and Their Impaet on Behavior Three Fundamental Kinds of Consumption Impulse Buying Habitual Purchase Behavior Consumption Problem Solving Representing Consumption Problem Solving The Case of the Attitude Model Basics An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case I An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case II

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Marketing: The Individual, the Organization, and Society What Is Marketing? Some Early Defnitions A Modern Definition of Marketing The Dimensions of Marketing. Marketing Systems Marketing from the Perspective of the Marketer Too Generic Marketing Goals Three Marketing Strategies Marketing Tools The Origins and Functions of Marketing The Need for Marketing Marketing in the Twentieth Century The Inward Focus. The Outward FocuS The Holistic Focus. The Universality of Marketing Marketing Management : A Strategic Planning Model Introduction The External and Internal Environments Marketing Management Commentary: Modern Marketing (Theodore Levitt) Consumer Behavior: The Individual Decision Maker A Historical Look at Three Basic Models of Consumer Behavior The economic Model The Stimulus-Response Model The Stimulus-Organism-Response Model A General Model of Consumer Behavior Introduction to the Model Perceptual and Sensing Processes Information Processing The Elements of the Control Unit and Their Impaet on Behavior Three Fundamental Kinds of Consumption Impulse Buying Habitual Purchase Behavior Consumption Problem Solving Representing Consumption Problem Solving The Case of the Attitude Model Basics An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case I An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case II

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Marketing: The Individual, the Organization, and Society What Is Marketing? Some Early Defnitions A Modern Definition of Marketing The Dimensions of Marketing. Marketing Systems Marketing from the Perspective of the Marketer Too Generic Marketing Goals Three Marketing Strategies Marketing Tools The Origins and Functions of Marketing The Need for Marketing Marketing in the Twentieth Century The Inward Focus. The Outward FocuS The Holistic Focus. The Universality of Marketing Marketing Management : A Strategic Planning Model Introduction The External and Internal Environments Marketing Management Commentary: Modern Marketing (Theodore Levitt) Consumer Behavior: The Individual Decision Maker A Historical Look at Three Basic Models of Consumer Behavior The economic Model The Stimulus-Response Model The Stimulus-Organism-Response Model A General Model of Consumer Behavior Introduction to the Model Perceptual and Sensing Processes Information Processing The Elements of the Control Unit and Their Impaet on Behavior Three Fundamental Kinds of Consumption Impulse Buying Habitual Purchase Behavior Consumption Problem Solving Representing Consumption Problem Solving The Case of the Attitude Model Basics An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case I An Extension of the Attitude Model: Case II