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Mathématiques Finacières
Poncet, Hayat, Portait , Patrice, Serge, Roland
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INTRODUCTION AUX TAUX D'INTÉRÊT La formation du taux d'intérêt. Intérêts et capitalisation ... Intérêts simples Intérêts composés. Taux moyen de plusieurs placements Intérêts terme échu et terme à échoir. Taux période et taux annuel Composition continue des intérêts ACTUALISATION Principe de l'actualisation Valeur présente Définition .. Calculs de valeurs présentes. Taux actuariel et taux de rentabilité interne Définition Calcul de taux actuariels Usage des calculatrices, tables financière et micro-ordinateurs Usage des calculatrices Remarques préalables sur les calculatrices Exemples d'utilisation Usage des tables financières. Usage d'un micro-ordinateur Suites numériques Suites arithmétiques Suites géométriques FINANCEMENTS ET INVESTISSEMENTS. LES INSTRUMENTS À LONG TERMEÀ TAUX FIXE. Considérations générales Taux nominal et taux actuariel. Échéancier. Différentes formes de remboursement. Calcul obligataire. Principales caractéristiques d'un emprunt obligataire. Calcul du taux actuariel brut à l'émission d'un emprunt Obligataire. Calcul du coût de l'émission pour l'emprunter Cotation, valeur boursière et taux de rendement d'une oblgano à une date quelconque... Rachat et remboursement anticipé. 1ON 3. - OAT et BTAN
THE PARADOX PRINCIPLES
GABER, KRAMES , Amy Hollands, Jeffrey A.
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Chaos,complexity,contradiction : The new corporate reality The five paradoxe principles : Positive change requires Significant Stability Change and stability,fortifying change with stability To build an enterprise, focus upon the individual : one individuaaaaaal at a time, Building the enterprise FOCUS DIRECTLY ON CULTURE.INDIRECTLY : Culture and Performance, forging a new culture True Empowerment Requires Forceful Leadership : Empewering through Leadership Of carrots and stickss- and technology Management IN order to build, you must tear down : Craft Strategy in the New Environnement The fall and rise of human Resources Management,Mesuring Up Manifesto on Managing Paradox
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING FOR THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
SCHMIDGALL , Raymond S.
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Introduction to the managerial accounting, The balance sheet,balance sheet analysis,The income statement,The statement in cash flows,ratio analysis, :solvency ratios,activity ratios,PROFITABILITY RATIOS ?OPERATING RATIOS, Basic cost concepts,Cost –volume-profit analysis,Coast approching to pricing, Forecasting methods,operations budgeting,cast management ,internal control ,capital budgeting
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
Atkinson, Kaplan, Robert S. , Anthony A.,
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MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING: INFORMATION THAT CREATES VALUE GREEN'S GROCERY MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION What is Management Accounting Information? How Does Management Accounting Information Help Managers? DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING CONSIDER THIS... Management Accounting in 19th-Century Enterprises DIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 7 Repair Mechanic Manager of the Service Department Manager of the Dealership FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 20TH-CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS IN MANAGEMENT CONTROL DuPont: One of the First Diversified Corporations 13 General Motors: Innovative Management Accounting Systems SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS Demand for Management Accounting Information CHANGING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Service Companies' Deregulation and Competition Manufacturing Organizations in the Global Environment New Demands for Management Accounting Information CONSIDER THIS... Looking for Labor Savings: Automobile Manufacturers Shift Work to Suppliers Role for Activity-Based Cost Systems CONSIDER THIS... Procter & Gamble's Plan to Reward Efficiency Improvement of Operational Control Systems CONSIDER THIS... How a Manufacturer Focused Its Activities to Win a National Quality Award Measuring and Managing Activities Balanced Scorecard BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING CONSIDER THIS...Activity-Based Costing and the Balanced Scorecard Working Together to Communicate the Company's Cost and Revenue Functions GREEN'S GROCERY REVISITED APPENDIX 1-1: DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ASSIGNMENT MATERIAL THE ORGANIZATION AS A SYSTEM OF ACTIVITIES EMI RECORDS GROUP ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR CUSTOMERS THE ORGANIZATION AS A SEQUENCE OF ACTIVITIES OR VALUE CHAIN The Customer's Perspective as a Means of Focusing the Value Chain Tempering the Customer Focus of the Value Chain THE ORGANIZATION'S PURPOSE Choosing the Organization's Objectives CONSIDER THIS... The Nature of Organization Objectives CONSIDER THIS... Community Considerations in a Bank Organization Objectives and Management Accounting 48 Using Information to Manage the Value Chain 49 Performance Measures in Process Control CONSIDER THIS... Cutting Costs and Reducing Service Customer Expectations Monitoring Overall Customer-Related Performance CONSIDER THIS... The Nature of Effective and Efficient Performance Measurement CONSIDER THIS... Real-time Process Monitoring for Customer Service CONSIDER THIS... Measuring Performance at Federal Express SIGNALS Warning Signals Diagnostic Signals The Costs and Benefits of Signals Performance Measures as Aids in Operations Control COST CONCEPTS FOR SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS 110 Distinguishing Characteristics of Service Organizations An Illustration for a Service Organization STANDARD COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS CONSIDER THIS... The Costs of Staying Airborne CONSIDER THIS... Trane Company's New Cost Accounting System Choosing the Level of Standards 116 Determination of Standards Limitations of Standard Cost Systems ASSIGNMENT MATERIAL COST BEHAVIOR RIVERSIDE GENERAL HOSPITAL COST BEHAVIOR AND PRODUCTION VOLUME Fixed Versus Variable Costs Mixed Costs Representing Activity Costs as Fixed or Variable Costs CONSIDER THIS... Seagate Is Sluggard Costs in an Economic Framework The Step Function Cost Curve BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS Target Profit Breakeven Point in Dollars CONSIDER THIS... Pittsburgh's Pirates May Sail Away RIVERSIDE GENERAL HOSPITAL REVISITED BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS AND CAPACITY UTILIZATION Step Fixed Costs and Multiple Breakeven Points Cost Variability and Level of Analysis A Planning Model A MIDCHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEM SUPPLY VERSUS USAGE OF ACTIVITY RESOURCES Normal Costs 166 RESOURCE FLEXIBILITY AND COST VARIABILITY Cost Behavior Variability of Support Activity Costs Costs of Multiple Products and Activities Expenditure Versus Consumption of Activity Resources CONSIDER THIS... Nursing Activity Resource Consumption Model at Braintree Hospital Breakeven Analysis of Committed Resources A SUMMARY EXAMPLE ASSIGNMENT MATERIAL BASIC PRODUCT COSTING SYSTEMS ARCHIE'S AUTO SERVICE COMPANY 203 JOB ORDER COSTING SYSTEMS Components of a Job Bid Sheet 204 Job Costs and Markup CONSIDER THIS... Costing Bicycles 206 Determination of Cost Driver Rates Problems Using Fluctuating Cost Driver Rates 207 ARCHIE'S AUTO SERVICE REVISITED System Description Recommended System Changes New Cost Accounting System Illustrated CONSIDER THIS... Sentry Group 214 Number of Cost Pools A MIDCHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEM 214 RECORDING ACTUAL JOB COSTS 216 BASIC VARIANCE ANALYSIS First-Level Variances Second-Level Variances Managerial Use of Job Cost Variance Information MULTISTAGE PROCESS COSTING SYSTEMS CONSIDER THIS... Computerized Job Costing System Keeps a Ship Builder on an Even Keel Comparison with Job Order Costing Process Costing Illustrated CONSIDER THIS... Product Costing and at Kenco Engineering Variance Analysis in Process Costing Systems ASSIGNMENT MATERIAL TWO-STAGE ALLOCATIONS AND ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING SYSTEMS TWO-STAGE COST ALLOCATION METHOD The Effect of Departmental Structure on Allocation Cost Allocations Direct Allocation Method Allocation Bases at Medequip Stage 2 Cost Allocations CONSIDER THIS... Strategic Cost Allocation at Hitachi ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING SYSTEMS The Basis of Activity-Based Costing CONSIDER THIS...Activity-Based Costing Helps AT&T CONSIDER THIS... Is ABC Worth the Investment? Activity-Based Costing at the Medequip Plant CONSIDER THIS...Activity-Based Costing at a Hewlett-Packard Plant SELLING AND DISTRIBUTION ACTIVITIES 268 Selling and Distribution Costs at Medequip CONSIDER THIS...Activity-Based Costing Helps Food Companies Reach Full Potential A SUMMARY EXAMPLE APPENDIX 6-1 Sequential and Reciprocal Allocation Methods Sequential Allocation Method Reciprocal Allocation Method PRICING AND PRODUCT-MIX DECISIONS PRECISION SPRINGS ROLE OF PRODUCT COSTS IN PRICING AND PRODUCT-MIX DECISIONS Short- and Long-Term Pricing Considerations SHORT-TERM PRODUCT-MIX DECISIONS CONSIDER THIS... Newspaper Wars in Britain The Impact of Opportunity Costs CONSIDER THIS... Bidding on Business Forms 314 SHORT-TERM PRICING DECISIONS Available Surplus Capacity CONSIDER THIS... Pricing for No Vacancy 317 No Available Surplus Capacity A MIDCHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEM LONG-TERM PRICING DECISIONS CONSIDER THIS... Hefty Increase in San Diego's Trash Fees CONSIDER THIS... Full Cost-Based Pricing Continues to Be Popular CONSIDER THIS... Pricing in Pharmaceutical Companies LONG-TERM PRODUCT-MIX DECISIONS 326 CONSIDER THIS... Target Costing at a Textile Manufacturer PRECISION SPRINGS REVISITED APPENDIX 7-1 Economic Analysis of the Pricing Decision Quantity Decision Pricing Decision Long-Term Benchmark Prices Competitive Analysis ASSIGNMENT MATERIAL PROCESS AND ACTIVITY DECISIONS TOBOR TOY COMPANY EVALUATION OF MONETARY IMPLICATIONS SUNK COSTS ARE NOT RELEVANT Relevant Costs for the Replacement of a Machine 361 Analysis of Relevant Costs Comparisons of Cash Flows at Different Points in Time CONSIDER THIS... Throwing Good Money after Bad Summary of Relevant Costs Assuming Responsibility for Decisions MAKE-OR-BUY DECISIONS Avoidable Costs CONSIDER THIS... Target Costing for Make-or-Buy Decisions at Teijin Seiki Qualitative Factors Aggregate Planning Developing the Spending Plans Choosing the Capacity Levels Handling Infeasible Production Plans Interpreting the Production Plan The Financial Plans Understanding the Cash Flow Statement Using the Financial Plans Using the Projected Results WHAT-IF ANALYSIS Evaluating Decision-Making Alternatives Sensitivity Analysis CONSIDER THIS... Budgeting in High-Technology Organizations COMPARING PLANNED AND ACTUAL RESULTS THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN SERVICE AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS PERIODIC AND CONTINUAL BUDGETING CONSIDER THIS... Ethics in Budgeting CONTROLLING DISCRETIONARY EXPENDITURES Incremental Budgeting 434 Zero-Based Budgeting 435 Project Funding MANAGING THE BUDGETING PROCESS BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF BUDGETING Designing the Budget Process CONSIDER THIS... Five Ways to Manage People Facing Stretch Targets Influencing the Budget Process CONSIDER THIS... "Oh the (Budgeting) Games People Play Now, Every Night and Every Day Now, Never Meaning What They Say, Never Saying What They Mean" (with apologies to Joe South; Capitol Records, 1969) THE LEGAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT REVISITED MICROSOFT WINDOWS LONG-TERM (CAPITAL) ASSETS INVESTMENT AND RETURN TIME VALUE OF MONEY Some Standard Notation Future Value
TALIKING BUSINESSS
Madoyan , Annie
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ELEMENTS DE CIVILISATION Australia New Zealand. South Africa The United Kingdom. The United States of America CULTURE ET SOCIÉTÉ Demography Employment The Information Superhighway Marketing Greenery? Tourism COMMUNICATION ÉCRITE ET ORALE Letter-Writing.. Meetings ReportWriting Telephoning Using Visual Aids/Describing Trends. GRAMMAIRE VERBES- LES PRINCIPAUX TEMPS Fiche n° 1:le présent progressit. Fiche n° 2 : Le présent simple. Fiche n° 3: Le prétérit simple Fiche n° 4: Le prétérit progressit Fiche n° 5: Le present perfect simple Fiche n6: Le present pertect Fiche n° 7:Le past pertect Fiche n° 8: L'expression du futur avec will Fiche n° 9: L'expression du futur Fiche n° 10: Le conditionnel. Fiche n° 11: Révision des temps VERBES- AUTRES FORMES progressif Fiche n° 13:L'infinitif Fiche n° 12: Les formes verbales en ing avec VERBES- AUXILIAIRES ET MODAUX Fiche n° 16: Will et would. Fiche n° 17: May et might. Fiche n° l4: Forme verbale en ing ou infinitif complet ? Fiche n 15: Verbe + complément d'objet + infinitit Can et could. La voix active Must, mustn t et needn't Shall et should La voix passive To say, to tell, to talk, to speak ou to discuss ? Les verbes du discours Les verbes de perception. To arise, to rise, to raise, to lie oU to lay ? Verbes + adjectifs To make oU to do ?. To have, have got et to get. Verbe + préposition. Verbe + complément d'objet + préposition Verbe + adverbe dit verbe à particule 'ROPOSITIONS Phrases simples phrases complexes. Comment relier différentes idées entre elles ?. ADVERBES Les propositions subordonnées. Le discours indirect. Comment formuler une question ? Les propositions relatives Les propositions subordonnées circonstancielles de concession Les noms Les propositions circonstancielles de cause Les propositions circonstancielles de but. Les articles Les propositions circonstancielles de temps. Participes présents et participes passés formant propositions Les génitifs Les noms composés Les pronoms Adjectifs oU adverbes ?. Adverbes modifiant le sens d'un adjectif Comparatifs et superlatifs des adjectifs Expression de la fréquence. So ou such ?. L'expression du degré avec very, too et enough Already, yet, again et still. Fiche n° 57 : Les démonstratifs Fiche n 58 : Some, any et leurs derivės. Fiche n 59 : Les quantificateurs all, many, much, several, (a) few, (a)itle, no. Fiche n° 60: Both, either et neither. Fiche n61: Each, every et leurs derives Fiche n 62: Les numéraux.. PRÉPOSITIONS Fiche n 63 : L'expression du temp Fiche n° 64: L'expression du lieu Fiche n° 65 : Like ou as ? MÉTHODOLOGIE Collation of Documents How to Analyze an Advertisement.. How to Make a Written Summary How to Sum Up a Text for the Oral Exam How to Translate a Text. How to Write Question Responses. LiSTE DE VERBES IRREGULIERS LEXIQUE Fiche n° 57 : Les démonstratifs Fiche n 58 : Some, any et leurs derivės. Fiche n 59 : Les quantificateurs all, many, much, several, (a) few, (a)itle, no. Fiche n° 60: Both, either et neither. Fiche n61: Each, every et leurs derives Fiche n 62: Les numéraux.. PRÉPOSITIONS Fiche n 63 : L'expression du temp Fiche n° 64: L'expression du lieu Fiche n° 65 : Like ou as ? MÉTHODOLOGIE Collation of Documents : How to Analyze an Advertisement. How to Make a Written Summary How to Sum Up a Text for the Oral Exam How to Translate a Text. How to Write Question Responses. LiSTE DE VERBES IRREGULIERS LEXIQUE Fiche n 18 Can et coul Fiche n 19: Must, mustntet needn't Fiche n° 20 : Shall et should LA VODX ACTIVE ET LA VOX PASSIVE Fiche n 21 : La voix active Fiche n 22 : La voix passive AUTRES VERBES Fiche n 23 : To be Fiche n° 24 : To say, to tell, to talk, to speak ou to discuss 2 Fiche n 25: Les verbes du discours Fiche n° 26 : Les verbes de perception Fiche n 27 : To arise, to rise, to raise, to lie ou to lay? Fiche n° 28 : Verbes + adjectifs Fiche n 29: To have, have got et to get. Fiche n° 30: To make ou fo do ? Fiche n31:Verbe + préposition. Fiche n° 32 : Verbe + complément d'objet + préposition. Fiche n° 33: Verbe + adverbe dit verbe à particule PHRASES ET PROPOSITIONS Fiche n° 34 : Phrases simples - phrases complexes. Fiche n 35 : Comment relier différentes idées entre elles ?. Fiche n 36: Les propositions subordonnées Fiche n° 37: Le discours indirect. Fiche n° 38 : Comment formuler une question ? Fiche n 39 : Les propositions relatives Fiche n° 40: Les propositions subordonnées circonstancielles de concession Fiche n° 41: les propositions circonstancielles de cause Fiche n 42 : Les propositions circonstancielles de but. Fiche n 43: Les propositions circonstancielles de temps.. Fiche n° 44 : Participes présents et participes passés formant propositions LE GROUPE NOMINAL Fiche n° 45: Les noms. Fiche n 46 : Les noms composés Fiche n° 47 : Les génitifs ADJECTIFS ET ADVERBES Fiche n° 48: Adjectifs ou adverbes . Fiche n° 49: Adverbes modifiant le sens d'un adjectif Fiche n° 50 : Comparatifs et superlatifs des adjectifs Fiche n° 51 : Expression de la fréquence. Fiche n 52 : L'expression du degré avec very, too ef enough Fiche n° 53 : So ou such ?. Fiche n 54: Already, yet, again et still LES DETERMINANTS Fiche n 55 : Les articles Fiche n 56: Les pronoms
GLENCOE ACCOUNTING
GUERRIERI , Donald J.
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ONLINE MARKETING HANDBOOK
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Getting Up to Speed on the Information Superhighway The Electronic Cash Register: Benefits of Online Marketing Essentials of Online Marketing Overview of the Internet and Commercial Online Systems .. Netiquette : Rules and Restrictions for Online Marketing Market Research Becoming a More Effective Marketer Making the Sale Online Shopping Forums: Marketing Opportunities for Information Providers Building Relationships with E-mail Selling Products and Services with Online Classified Ads Marketing Tools for Building Relationships The New Advertising: Creating Effective Advertising Messages Public Relations: Influencing Editors and Your Target Market Building Relationships with Customer Service The Future...
MICROECONOMICS. PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION. FIFTH EDITION
SPARKS , DONALD
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Part One - Introduction Chapter 1: Breaking the Ice .... The Aims of the Economist What Is Economics? Macroeconomics and Microeconomics: Economic Principles From Two Perspectives. What Is The Economist's Method? The Citizen and Economic Policy Notes on This Text, and How to Study End-of-Chapter Summaries Mathematics De-emphasized. Positive Versus Normative Economics A Word About Words Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 1: Self-interest: Endangered Motivation or the Key to the Future ? Self-Interest: Key to All Characters Homo Economicus Private Citizens Want Private Profits Do Corporations Value Profits Above All Else? Homo Econ omicus: Voices of Dissent The Radical View Summing Up Questions Suggested Reading Chapter 2: Scarcity .... The Results of Market Exchanges: The Invisible Hand Scarcity: Source of Basic Economic Questions An Unreal World: No Scarcity Back to the Real World: Basic Questions Is Scarcity Meaningful Today? Viewing the Choices: The Production -Possibilities Curve The Production-Possibilities Table Graphing the Production-Possibilities Curve Economic Growth: Shifting the Production-Possibilities Curve Employment, Full Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment. A Word of Caution What Is Economic Integration? Increasing Opportunity Costs: Why Is The Curve Shaped That Way? What Is the (Positive) "Cost of the Lunch?" Resources Are Specialized Mental Reservations A Classical Explanation of Growth: Shifts in Production Possibilities Institutions Play a Very Important Part in Decision Making Summing Up. Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 3: Supply and Demand: Priee Determination in Competitive Mark What Is Competiton How Are Prices Set? Supply And Demand Dermand An Indi vidual DemandCurve Changes in Quanuty Demanded Versus Changes in Demand Demand Summing Up Market Demand Supply What Is Supply? Why Do Supply Data and the Supply Curve Tell Us? Why Do Supply Curves Slope Upward? Why Do Supply Curves Shift? Market Supply - Difference Between Movements Along and Shifts In Curves Equilibrium Pricing Conditions for Competitive Pricing Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 3: When Should We Let Supply and Demand Work? Rent Controls and the Price of Housing Government Determined Prices: The Arguments. Are Rent Controls Effective? (The Best Case) Are Rent Controls Effective? (The Worst Case) The Dynamics of Rent Controlled Housing Illegal or "Black Markets'" The Future of Rent Controls Summing Ứp Questions Suggested Readings Part Two - Microeconomics. Chapter 4: The Demand Side of the Market What is Demand? Income and Substitution Effects Theoretical Exceptions to the Law of Demand Utility: Another Way to Explain Demand The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Making Choices That Maximize Utility Equilibrium in a World of Many Goods Utility Maximizing Behavior, An Arithmetic Illustration Deriving a Demand Curve Independent Utilities: A Simplifying Assumption Market Demand Elasticity: Estimating Consumer Responses to Price and Other Changes Price Elasticity of Demand Elasticity of Demand and the Slope of a Demand Curve Computing Price Elasticity's of Demand Differing Elasticities of Demand Determinants of the Elasticity of Demand Some Selected Price Elasticities of Demand Why Do Elasticities Matter?. Elasticities and Total Revenue Prices Go Up, Some Industries Prosper, Some Suffer Prices Go Down, Some Industries Suffer, Some Prosper Prices Go Up or Down, Revenues Remain the Same Elasticities and Total Revenue: A Summation Why Do Elasticities Matter? An Automobile Industry Example Elasticities and Excise Tax Incidence. Price Elasticity and Straight Line Demand Curves: A Final Note An Implication: Where to Set Price Other Demand Elasticities Income Elasticity of Demand Cross Price Elasticities of Demand. Cross Price Elasticity Signs Why Do Cross Price Elasticities Matter? An Illustration Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 4: Will Redistributing Income Make People Happier?. The Distribution of Satisfaction The Distribution of Income Governments and Income Distribution Questions Chapter 5: The Supply Side Of Markets What is Supply?. What Determines A Firm's Costs? Explicit and Implicit Costs Profit Charleston Burger Company: An Illustration of Accounting Profit, Normal Profit, Economic Profit, and Economic Loss Is Charleston Burger Profitable? Summing Up Profits and Losses .. The Influence of Time on Supply: Four Periods Market Period Short-Run Period. Long-Run Period Historical Period. Costs and Supply in the Market Period Costs and Supply in the Short-Run Period The Law of Diminishing Returns or Variable Proportions Short-Run Supply An Example: Some A verage and Marginal Costs for Charleston Burger The Role of Fixed Cost Costs and Supply in the Long-Run Supply Curves for a Whole Industry Elasticity of Supply. Some Final Words About Supply Summing Up. Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 5: Markets for Illegal Goods Picing Illegal Goods: Alcohol and NarcouCS Effect of llegality on Demand Effect of Legalization on Supply Keverse Price Discnmination Plus Strict Enforcement: An Alternative? Effects of Strict Law Enforcement Reverse Price Discrimination: An Alternative? Illegal Drug Markets: A Summing Up Summing Up Key Tens Questions Suggested Readings Chapter6: Market Equilibrium: Do Private Mlarkets Always Produce What Is Socially Desirable? Equilibrium Price Private Equilibrium Social Equilibrium Effects of Externalities A Tax to Create Public Equilibrium Can Externalities Be Internalized? Common Property Resources Government and Property Rights How Much Government Intervention Is Enough? Spillovers and Government Intervention Summing Up Key Terns Questions Suggested Readings Applica tion 6: How Much Clean Air Do We Want to Buy? Dire Predictions and How to Live with Them. The Price of Breathing... Enforcing Limits on Air Pollution: Hard Choices. Summing Up Key Term Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 7: The Role of Government and the Modern American Economy Government and Antitrust: The Rule of Reason Mergers and Antitrust Are Big Firms Bad for the Economy?. How Important Is Static Pure Competition? How Competitive is the U.S. Economy? More Antitrust or Less?. Why the Increased Competition from 1958 to 1994?. Antitrust Laws: Changes in the Future? Public Choice: Can Economic Principles Explain Government Decisions? The Econ omy: The Name of the Game and the Rules What is a Fair Game? Can All Players Be Made Better Off? Rules and Rule Changes Public Choices in American Democracy: Whose Tastes Count Most? The Median-Voter Model Denying the Median Voter: Logrolling No Clear Winners: Cycieal Majorities Representative Versus Direct Democracies What are the Objecuves of Public Choice Makers? Rational lgnorance Publie Choces: How are Costs and Benefits Disributed? When Special Interests Seek Rents ...* How To Seek Rents: Political Action Committees How Does Rent Seeking Affect Efficiency? Resources Going Underground: The Role of Government Is Public Choice Anti-Government? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 7: The Dairy Lobby: Are Both Consumers and Cows Milked? A Model of the Milk Market The Experience of Milk Price Supports How Much Does The Program Cost? Why Not A Competitive Milk Industry? Why Don't Consumers Resist? Summing Up Suggested Readings Chapter 8: Pure Competition: One Extreme Market Classifications Characteristics of Pure Competition Pricing Decisions Output Decisions Pure Competition in the Short Run Total Revenue and Total Cost Profit Maximization: Marginal Cost Equals Marginal Revenue The Competitive Firm's Market Situation The Competitive Firm's Conjectural Demand Curve Situation 1: Economic Profit Situation 2: Normal Profit Situation 3: Economic Loss with Production Situation 4: Economic Loss With Shut Down Pure Competition, Short Run: A Summary Marginal Cost: The Competitive Firm's Short-Run Supply Curve. Pure Competition in the Long Run ........ Increasing-Cost, Constant-Cost, and Decreasing-Cost Industries Increasing-Cost Industries. Constant-Cost Industries Decreasing-Cost Industries *******. The Advantages of Pure Competition. Most Technically Efficient Level of Cost Most Allocatively Efficient Combination of Products ..... Welfare of Buyers and Sellers: Consumers' and Producers' Surplus Benefits to Consumers: Consumers' Surplus Benefits to Producers: Producers' Surplus Competitive Equilibrium: Maximum Benefits to Consumers and Producers . The Disadvantages of Pure Competition The Relevance of Pure Competition Summing Up Key Terms OuestioO Suggested Application 8: Do We Really Want Competition? The Farming Mess. Ongins of the Government Intervention. No Bed of Roses: Agricultural Economic Problems Readings Dermand Supply: Short Run Supply: Long Run The Agricultural Support Program Continity of Production Technological Change. Efforts to Reduce Direct Government Intervention Back to Govermment Intervention: 1976 through 1995 Government Intervention on the Demand Side. Has Intervention Worked? Did the Agricultural Support Program Help All Agriculture? U.S. Agricultural Policy: A Reprise Summing Up Exports Key Term Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 9: Pure Monopoly: The Other Extreme Pure Monopoly: A Definition Barriers to Entry Pure Monopoly mỊ, ar, and d Elasticity of Demand Pure Monopoly: Short Run Pure Mon opoly: Long Run Pure Competition Versus Pure Monopoly Monopolies and Supply Decisions Utilizing Technology Effectively: Natural Monopoly Monopoly and the Creation of Technology Technology: Dynamics Versus Statics Regulated Monopoly Key Terms Cost Overstatement Under Regulation: An Example Summing Up. Regulation of (Multi-firm) Monopolistic Industries: An Airline Example Price Discrimination Conditions Necessary for Price Discrimination Graphic Analysis of Price Discrimination Welfare Effects: A Comparison of Monopoly and Competition The Welfare Effects of Price Discriminating Monopoly Questions Suggested Readings The Industry Under Regulation What to Expect from Deregulation: A Brief Review Deregulation: The Short Run. Application 9: Regulation Versus Deregulation: When are Airline Markets Contestable? Transportation Regulation: Public Interest or Industry Captured Deregulation: The Long Run and Reconcentration Airline Mergers ............. Contestability and the Number of Firms Barriers to Entry Reregulati on ? Summing Up Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 10: lmperfect Competition: Monopolistic Competition and Product Differentiation. What Is Monopolistic Competition?. Sources of Product Differentiation Advertising Product Differentiation and the Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Competition: The Short Run Competition: A Reprise The Four Short-Run Profit and Loss Positions of a Typical Monopolistically Competitive Firm Monopolistic Competition: The Long Run An Exception to Normal Profit Monopolistic Competition: The Excess Capacity Argument Monopolistic Competition: A Caveat Forms of Differentiation: A Reminder Location Quality of Service. A Policy Question: Is Monopolistic Competition Often as Close as We Can Get and Want to Get to Pure Competition? Conclusions About Monopolistic Competition Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter ll: Oligopoly: Imperfect Competition Among the Few Definition of Oligopoly Number of Firms: Small Product: Both Homogeneous and Differentiated Barriers to Entry: Substantial Behavior of the Oligopolistic Firm How May Interdependent Firms React? Organization and Collusion. Class I Oligopolies: Organization and Collusion Efficiency Effects of Class I Oligopolies Social Reaction to Class I Oligopolies: The Antitrust Laws Class II Oligopolies: Unorganized But Collusive Efficiency Implications of Class II Oligopoly Class III Oligopoly: Unorganized, Non-Collusive The Kinked Demand Assumptions Nonprice Competition Among the Few Styling Services Quality Advertising Profit Maximization: Fact or Fancy? Kinked Demands, Sticky Prices, and Sluggish Output: Is This the Worst of Oligopoly? Relevancy of Kinked Demand Oligopoly Profit Maximization: Sunnming Up Oigopoly Summing Up But Are Costs Lower in Competitive Industries? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readıngs Application 1lt Some Cases of Oligopoly Behavior Surmming Up The Edgeworth Model of Duopoly Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 12: The Factor Markets: Not Only Products Are Sold What Are Factor Markets? Factors: Supply and Demand. What Determines the Dermand for Factors? An Example of Factor Demand Class I Oligopoly: Organization and Covert Collusion in the Elecrical Pquiprnent Industry .343 Class II Oligopoly: Unorganized But Tacit Collusion in the Steel Industry Class IlI Oligopoly: No Dominant Firm in the Soft Drink Industry To Maximize Profit, Minimize Cost. Demand for a Resource by the Market as a Whole Elasticity of Dermand for a Resource Income Distribution: "Fair" or "Unfair?" Demand for Resources Among Monopolistic Firms Product Monopoly: Is It A Problerm in Factor Markets? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Reading Application 12: How Much Education Should We Buy? Society's "Purchase" of Education Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 13: How Wage Rates and Other Factor Prices Are Set Wages: Competitive Versus Noncompetitive. Why Not a Single Wage Rate? Different Skills and Different Supplies of Skills Different Wages and Same Skills. How Wages Are Set: Competitively Priced Labor How Wages Are Set: Noncompetitively Priced Labor Monopsony: A Summary Point Professional Sports and Monopsony Situation C. Bilateral Monopoly (One Employer, One Union) Situation A. Monopsony in the Labor Market, Competition in the Product Market How Many Jobs to Offer: MRP = MRC.. Situation B. Monopsony in the Labor Market, Monopoly in the Product Market .. Monopsony and Competition Compared in Labor Markets An Important Point About Bilateral Monopoly Exclusive and Inclusive Unions Other Strategies: Wavs To Increase Jobs and Wages. The Government Steps In: Minimum Wage Laws The Past and Future of Minimum Wage Laws 1he Evidence: Monopsony Versus Comnpetitive Labor Markets More About Wage Discrimination What is Economic Discrimination? Understanding Discrimination. What Are the Consequences of Crowding?. Unequal Wages for Equal Jobs A Note of Caution. What Can Be Done About Discrimination? Public Action Private Action Unions Creating Entrepreneurs Other Factors of Production: Land, Capital, and Entrepreneurship Land and Its Rent Rents as Signals: Valid or Not? Quasi-Rents or Common Rents Capital and Interest Rates Government and the Capital Market Entrepreneurship and Profit Is Profit Earned? Summing Up Key Terms Questions ... Suggested Readings Application 13: Comparable Worth: Market Distortion or Sensible Correction for Discrimination? Two Views About the Earning Gap Discrimination or Voluntary Choice: The Evidence Choice of Occupation Summing Up Grup A Versus Group B: A Policy Synopsis Group A: Policy Recommendation Group B: Policy Recommendation Comparable Worth: More Fairness or Fewer Jobs? The Argument Against Comparable Worth The Case for Comparable Worth. What are Large or Small Costs and Benefits? Comparable Worth: Its Future Questions Suggested Readings Part Three - International Economics Chapter 14: Patterns of International Trad What Is Trade? How Important Is Trade to America? Trade and the American Economy But Is Trade as Important to Us as to Others? The Gains from Trade Trade and Comparative Advantage The Terms of Trade What Deternines Comparative Advantage? Demand Consideraions**v********.t*k**** Increasing COsts and OtherCautions The Means of Protection.. Tariffs Elasticily and the Burden of the Tariff Import Quotas. Export Quotas: Rational Ignorance by Consumers?. Arguments in Favor of Protection .... *******s**h**sReve******k****** The Infant-Industry Argument The National-Security Argument The Cheap-Foreign-Labor Argument The Macroeconomic-Employment Argument Retaliation for "Unfair" Trade Practices The Rustbelt: Protecting Declining Industries Tariffs Since World War II: GATT Free Trade: A Reprise Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Reading Application 14: Does Trade Create Development?. The Relation Between Trade and Development The Classical View Reservations About the Traditional View Those With Reservations: Modify Free Trade Debt Problems of the LDCs and NICs Implications for Trade Policies.. Summing Up Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 15: Paying for International Trade. An Example of Money Exchange A Good International Monetary System Determining Equilibrium Exchange Rates Freely Floating Exchange Rates. Fixed Exchange Rates Exchange Rate Market Intervention Adjusting Economies to Fluctuations in the Exchange Rate The Gold Standard. Questions Suggested Readings Postwar International Exchange Arrangements The Managed (Dirty) Float: Whither the Future?. The Balance of Payments The Balance-of-Payments Statement The Balance of Payments in Summary The U.S. Balance-of-Payments Deficits Summing Up... Key Terms Applica tion 15: Politics and the Balance-of-Payments Problem Reasons Behind lmport Restraints Protectionism: Costs and Benefits America's Trade Problem: The Myths Protectionism Will It Triumph or Fail? The Lesson to Be Leaned Summing Up Questions Suggested Readıngs Chapter 16: Economic Development ... How Do Poor Countries Become Rich? Economic Determinism Basic Questions About Economic Development How Do You Measure Well-Being? What Is A Significant Increase In Real Per Capita National Income?. Resistances to Growth and Development How Great Is The Income Gap? What About Natural Resources? Social and Cultural Resistances Population Growth Is The In come Gap Widening Or Closing? Technological and Technical Resistances. Is There Hope For Less Developed Countries? How Long Will It Take? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 17: Other Economic Systems in Theory Basic Economic Choices: A Reminder. Evaluating An Econ omic System Capitalism Socialism. Static Efficiency Dynamic Efficiency Property Rights: Should They Be Vested in Individuals or in the State? Private Property Rights Public Property Rights Why Do Property Rights Matter? Economic Advantages of Capitalism Economic Disadvantages of Capitalism Class Conflict Marx and Socialism Dialectical Materialism. Falling Profits and the Reserve Army of the Unemployed. Recurring Business Cycles Marx 's Gloomy Prediction: The Collapse of Capitalism What Happened To the Revolution?. Transition From Socialism To Capitalism: How Long and How difficult? But there are Problems What is Planned Socialism Advantages of Planned Socialism Disadvantages of Planned Socialism What is Market Socialism. Fascism Mixed Economies: A Fifth System? Advantages of Market Socialism Disadvantages of Market Socialism How ascism Conrasts With Capitalism and Socialism Advantage of Fascism...... Disadvantages of Fascism The Twenty-First Century: The End of Socialism? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 18: Russia: How Is It Moving From Planned Socialism To A Market Economy Emergence of the Planned Economy: The Early Soviet Union What to Produce: Central Planning Setting of Goals and Priorities The Planning Process A Problem When Resource Priorities Are Centrally Planned. A Second Problem With Centrally Planned Priorities. Problems When Prices are Controlled. Housing As An Example Why Soviet Central Planning was Technically So Difficult Input, Output, and Planning Efficiency of Production: State Ownership and Incentives Who Receives Output: The Wage System The Distribution of Real Income The Soviet Elite: A Classless Society Summing Up the Problems of Soviet Planning Structural Change in the Economy of the Former Soviet Union Summing Up Change in Russia: How Far? Aid To Russia: Boost or Deferent to Reform? Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 18: China and the Convergence of Systems China: How Far Has It Changed From Planned Socialism? 1980 to the Present After the Cultural Revolution 1970- 1976 China In Change: A Tentative Appraisal Recent Developments. Eastern Europe: A Postscript Economic Systems: Is Convergence the Wave of the Future? Questions Suggested Readings
MICROECONOMICS. PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION. FIFTH EDITION
SPARKS , DONALD
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📖 Contenu
Part One - Introduction Chapter 1: Breaking the Ice .... The Aims of the Economist What Is Economics? Macroeconomics and Microeconomics: Economic Principles From Two Perspectives. What Is The Economist's Method? The Citizen and Economic Policy Notes on This Text, and How to Study End-of-Chapter Summaries Mathematics De-emphasized. Positive Versus Normative Economics A Word About Words Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 1: Self-interest: Endangered Motivation or the Key to the Future ? Self-Interest: Key to All Characters Homo Economicus Private Citizens Want Private Profits Do Corporations Value Profits Above All Else? Homo Econ omicus: Voices of Dissent The Radical View Summing Up Questions Suggested Reading Chapter 2: Scarcity .... The Results of Market Exchanges: The Invisible Hand Scarcity: Source of Basic Economic Questions An Unreal World: No Scarcity Back to the Real World: Basic Questions Is Scarcity Meaningful Today? Viewing the Choices: The Production -Possibilities Curve The Production-Possibilities Table Graphing the Production-Possibilities Curve Economic Growth: Shifting the Production-Possibilities Curve Employment, Full Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment. A Word of Caution What Is Economic Integration? Increasing Opportunity Costs: Why Is The Curve Shaped That Way? What Is the (Positive) "Cost of the Lunch?" Resources Are Specialized Mental Reservations A Classical Explanation of Growth: Shifts in Production Possibilities Institutions Play a Very Important Part in Decision Making Summing Up. Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 3: Supply and Demand: Priee Determination in Competitive Mark What Is Competiton How Are Prices Set? Supply And Demand Dermand An Indi vidual DemandCurve Changes in Quanuty Demanded Versus Changes in Demand Demand Summing Up Market Demand Supply What Is Supply? Why Do Supply Data and the Supply Curve Tell Us? Why Do Supply Curves Slope Upward? Why Do Supply Curves Shift? Market Supply - Difference Between Movements Along and Shifts In Curves Equilibrium Pricing Conditions for Competitive Pricing Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 3: When Should We Let Supply and Demand Work? Rent Controls and the Price of Housing Government Determined Prices: The Arguments. Are Rent Controls Effective? (The Best Case) Are Rent Controls Effective? (The Worst Case) The Dynamics of Rent Controlled Housing Illegal or "Black Markets'" The Future of Rent Controls Summing Ứp Questions Suggested Readings Part Two - Microeconomics. Chapter 4: The Demand Side of the Market What is Demand? Income and Substitution Effects Theoretical Exceptions to the Law of Demand Utility: Another Way to Explain Demand The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Making Choices That Maximize Utility Equilibrium in a World of Many Goods Utility Maximizing Behavior, An Arithmetic Illustration Deriving a Demand Curve Independent Utilities: A Simplifying Assumption Market Demand Elasticity: Estimating Consumer Responses to Price and Other Changes Price Elasticity of Demand Elasticity of Demand and the Slope of a Demand Curve Computing Price Elasticity's of Demand Differing Elasticities of Demand Determinants of the Elasticity of Demand Some Selected Price Elasticities of Demand Why Do Elasticities Matter?. Elasticities and Total Revenue Prices Go Up, Some Industries Prosper, Some Suffer Prices Go Down, Some Industries Suffer, Some Prosper Prices Go Up or Down, Revenues Remain the Same Elasticities and Total Revenue: A Summation Why Do Elasticities Matter? An Automobile Industry Example Elasticities and Excise Tax Incidence. Price Elasticity and Straight Line Demand Curves: A Final Note An Implication: Where to Set Price Other Demand Elasticities Income Elasticity of Demand Cross Price Elasticities of Demand. Cross Price Elasticity Signs Why Do Cross Price Elasticities Matter? An Illustration Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 4: Will Redistributing Income Make People Happier?. The Distribution of Satisfaction The Distribution of Income Governments and Income Distribution Questions Chapter 5: The Supply Side Of Markets What is Supply?. What Determines A Firm's Costs? Explicit and Implicit Costs Profit Charleston Burger Company: An Illustration of Accounting Profit, Normal Profit, Economic Profit, and Economic Loss Is Charleston Burger Profitable? Summing Up Profits and Losses .. The Influence of Time on Supply: Four Periods Market Period Short-Run Period. Long-Run Period Historical Period. Costs and Supply in the Market Period Costs and Supply in the Short-Run Period The Law of Diminishing Returns or Variable Proportions Short-Run Supply An Example: Some A verage and Marginal Costs for Charleston Burger The Role of Fixed Cost Costs and Supply in the Long-Run Supply Curves for a Whole Industry Elasticity of Supply. Some Final Words About Supply Summing Up. Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 5: Markets for Illegal Goods Picing Illegal Goods: Alcohol and NarcouCS Effect of llegality on Demand Effect of Legalization on Supply Keverse Price Discnmination Plus Strict Enforcement: An Alternative? Effects of Strict Law Enforcement Reverse Price Discrimination: An Alternative? Illegal Drug Markets: A Summing Up Summing Up Key Tens Questions Suggested Readings Chapter6: Market Equilibrium: Do Private Mlarkets Always Produce What Is Socially Desirable? Equilibrium Price Private Equilibrium Social Equilibrium Effects of Externalities A Tax to Create Public Equilibrium Can Externalities Be Internalized? Common Property Resources Government and Property Rights How Much Government Intervention Is Enough? Spillovers and Government Intervention Summing Up Key Terns Questions Suggested Readings Applica tion 6: How Much Clean Air Do We Want to Buy? Dire Predictions and How to Live with Them. The Price of Breathing... Enforcing Limits on Air Pollution: Hard Choices. Summing Up Key Term Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 7: The Role of Government and the Modern American Economy Government and Antitrust: The Rule of Reason Mergers and Antitrust Are Big Firms Bad for the Economy?. How Important Is Static Pure Competition? How Competitive is the U.S. Economy? More Antitrust or Less?. Why the Increased Competition from 1958 to 1994?. Antitrust Laws: Changes in the Future? Public Choice: Can Economic Principles Explain Government Decisions? The Econ omy: The Name of the Game and the Rules What is a Fair Game? Can All Players Be Made Better Off? Rules and Rule Changes Public Choices in American Democracy: Whose Tastes Count Most? The Median-Voter Model Denying the Median Voter: Logrolling No Clear Winners: Cycieal Majorities Representative Versus Direct Democracies What are the Objecuves of Public Choice Makers? Rational lgnorance Publie Choces: How are Costs and Benefits Disributed? When Special Interests Seek Rents ...* How To Seek Rents: Political Action Committees How Does Rent Seeking Affect Efficiency? Resources Going Underground: The Role of Government Is Public Choice Anti-Government? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 7: The Dairy Lobby: Are Both Consumers and Cows Milked? A Model of the Milk Market The Experience of Milk Price Supports How Much Does The Program Cost? Why Not A Competitive Milk Industry? Why Don't Consumers Resist? Summing Up Suggested Readings Chapter 8: Pure Competition: One Extreme Market Classifications Characteristics of Pure Competition Pricing Decisions Output Decisions Pure Competition in the Short Run Total Revenue and Total Cost Profit Maximization: Marginal Cost Equals Marginal Revenue The Competitive Firm's Market Situation The Competitive Firm's Conjectural Demand Curve Situation 1: Economic Profit Situation 2: Normal Profit Situation 3: Economic Loss with Production Situation 4: Economic Loss With Shut Down Pure Competition, Short Run: A Summary Marginal Cost: The Competitive Firm's Short-Run Supply Curve. Pure Competition in the Long Run ........ Increasing-Cost, Constant-Cost, and Decreasing-Cost Industries Increasing-Cost Industries. Constant-Cost Industries Decreasing-Cost Industries *******. The Advantages of Pure Competition. Most Technically Efficient Level of Cost Most Allocatively Efficient Combination of Products ..... Welfare of Buyers and Sellers: Consumers' and Producers' Surplus Benefits to Consumers: Consumers' Surplus Benefits to Producers: Producers' Surplus Competitive Equilibrium: Maximum Benefits to Consumers and Producers . The Disadvantages of Pure Competition The Relevance of Pure Competition Summing Up Key Terms OuestioO Suggested Application 8: Do We Really Want Competition? The Farming Mess. Ongins of the Government Intervention. No Bed of Roses: Agricultural Economic Problems Readings Dermand Supply: Short Run Supply: Long Run The Agricultural Support Program Continity of Production Technological Change. Efforts to Reduce Direct Government Intervention Back to Govermment Intervention: 1976 through 1995 Government Intervention on the Demand Side. Has Intervention Worked? Did the Agricultural Support Program Help All Agriculture? U.S. Agricultural Policy: A Reprise Summing Up Exports Key Term Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 9: Pure Monopoly: The Other Extreme Pure Monopoly: A Definition Barriers to Entry Pure Monopoly mỊ, ar, and d Elasticity of Demand Pure Monopoly: Short Run Pure Mon opoly: Long Run Pure Competition Versus Pure Monopoly Monopolies and Supply Decisions Utilizing Technology Effectively: Natural Monopoly Monopoly and the Creation of Technology Technology: Dynamics Versus Statics Regulated Monopoly Key Terms Cost Overstatement Under Regulation: An Example Summing Up. Regulation of (Multi-firm) Monopolistic Industries: An Airline Example Price Discrimination Conditions Necessary for Price Discrimination Graphic Analysis of Price Discrimination Welfare Effects: A Comparison of Monopoly and Competition The Welfare Effects of Price Discriminating Monopoly Questions Suggested Readings The Industry Under Regulation What to Expect from Deregulation: A Brief Review Deregulation: The Short Run. Application 9: Regulation Versus Deregulation: When are Airline Markets Contestable? Transportation Regulation: Public Interest or Industry Captured Deregulation: The Long Run and Reconcentration Airline Mergers ............. Contestability and the Number of Firms Barriers to Entry Reregulati on ? Summing Up Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 10: lmperfect Competition: Monopolistic Competition and Product Differentiation. What Is Monopolistic Competition?. Sources of Product Differentiation Advertising Product Differentiation and the Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Competition: The Short Run Competition: A Reprise The Four Short-Run Profit and Loss Positions of a Typical Monopolistically Competitive Firm Monopolistic Competition: The Long Run An Exception to Normal Profit Monopolistic Competition: The Excess Capacity Argument Monopolistic Competition: A Caveat Forms of Differentiation: A Reminder Location Quality of Service. A Policy Question: Is Monopolistic Competition Often as Close as We Can Get and Want to Get to Pure Competition? Conclusions About Monopolistic Competition Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter ll: Oligopoly: Imperfect Competition Among the Few Definition of Oligopoly Number of Firms: Small Product: Both Homogeneous and Differentiated Barriers to Entry: Substantial Behavior of the Oligopolistic Firm How May Interdependent Firms React? Organization and Collusion. Class I Oligopolies: Organization and Collusion Efficiency Effects of Class I Oligopolies Social Reaction to Class I Oligopolies: The Antitrust Laws Class II Oligopolies: Unorganized But Collusive Efficiency Implications of Class II Oligopoly Class III Oligopoly: Unorganized, Non-Collusive The Kinked Demand Assumptions Nonprice Competition Among the Few Styling Services Quality Advertising Profit Maximization: Fact or Fancy? Kinked Demands, Sticky Prices, and Sluggish Output: Is This the Worst of Oligopoly? Relevancy of Kinked Demand Oligopoly Profit Maximization: Sunnming Up Oigopoly Summing Up But Are Costs Lower in Competitive Industries? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readıngs Application 1lt Some Cases of Oligopoly Behavior Surmming Up The Edgeworth Model of Duopoly Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 12: The Factor Markets: Not Only Products Are Sold What Are Factor Markets? Factors: Supply and Demand. What Determines the Dermand for Factors? An Example of Factor Demand Class I Oligopoly: Organization and Covert Collusion in the Elecrical Pquiprnent Industry .343 Class II Oligopoly: Unorganized But Tacit Collusion in the Steel Industry Class IlI Oligopoly: No Dominant Firm in the Soft Drink Industry To Maximize Profit, Minimize Cost. Demand for a Resource by the Market as a Whole Elasticity of Dermand for a Resource Income Distribution: "Fair" or "Unfair?" Demand for Resources Among Monopolistic Firms Product Monopoly: Is It A Problerm in Factor Markets? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Reading Application 12: How Much Education Should We Buy? Society's "Purchase" of Education Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 13: How Wage Rates and Other Factor Prices Are Set Wages: Competitive Versus Noncompetitive. Why Not a Single Wage Rate? Different Skills and Different Supplies of Skills Different Wages and Same Skills. How Wages Are Set: Competitively Priced Labor How Wages Are Set: Noncompetitively Priced Labor Monopsony: A Summary Point Professional Sports and Monopsony Situation C. Bilateral Monopoly (One Employer, One Union) Situation A. Monopsony in the Labor Market, Competition in the Product Market How Many Jobs to Offer: MRP = MRC.. Situation B. Monopsony in the Labor Market, Monopoly in the Product Market .. Monopsony and Competition Compared in Labor Markets An Important Point About Bilateral Monopoly Exclusive and Inclusive Unions Other Strategies: Wavs To Increase Jobs and Wages. The Government Steps In: Minimum Wage Laws The Past and Future of Minimum Wage Laws 1he Evidence: Monopsony Versus Comnpetitive Labor Markets More About Wage Discrimination What is Economic Discrimination? Understanding Discrimination. What Are the Consequences of Crowding?. Unequal Wages for Equal Jobs A Note of Caution. What Can Be Done About Discrimination? Public Action Private Action Unions Creating Entrepreneurs Other Factors of Production: Land, Capital, and Entrepreneurship Land and Its Rent Rents as Signals: Valid or Not? Quasi-Rents or Common Rents Capital and Interest Rates Government and the Capital Market Entrepreneurship and Profit Is Profit Earned? Summing Up Key Terms Questions ... Suggested Readings Application 13: Comparable Worth: Market Distortion or Sensible Correction for Discrimination? Two Views About the Earning Gap Discrimination or Voluntary Choice: The Evidence Choice of Occupation Summing Up Grup A Versus Group B: A Policy Synopsis Group A: Policy Recommendation Group B: Policy Recommendation Comparable Worth: More Fairness or Fewer Jobs? The Argument Against Comparable Worth The Case for Comparable Worth. What are Large or Small Costs and Benefits? Comparable Worth: Its Future Questions Suggested Readings Part Three - International Economics Chapter 14: Patterns of International Trad What Is Trade? How Important Is Trade to America? Trade and the American Economy But Is Trade as Important to Us as to Others? The Gains from Trade Trade and Comparative Advantage The Terms of Trade What Deternines Comparative Advantage? Demand Consideraions**v********.t*k**** Increasing COsts and OtherCautions The Means of Protection.. Tariffs Elasticily and the Burden of the Tariff Import Quotas. Export Quotas: Rational Ignorance by Consumers?. Arguments in Favor of Protection .... *******s**h**sReve******k****** The Infant-Industry Argument The National-Security Argument The Cheap-Foreign-Labor Argument The Macroeconomic-Employment Argument Retaliation for "Unfair" Trade Practices The Rustbelt: Protecting Declining Industries Tariffs Since World War II: GATT Free Trade: A Reprise Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Reading Application 14: Does Trade Create Development?. The Relation Between Trade and Development The Classical View Reservations About the Traditional View Those With Reservations: Modify Free Trade Debt Problems of the LDCs and NICs Implications for Trade Policies.. Summing Up Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 15: Paying for International Trade. An Example of Money Exchange A Good International Monetary System Determining Equilibrium Exchange Rates Freely Floating Exchange Rates. Fixed Exchange Rates Exchange Rate Market Intervention Adjusting Economies to Fluctuations in the Exchange Rate The Gold Standard. Questions Suggested Readings Postwar International Exchange Arrangements The Managed (Dirty) Float: Whither the Future?. The Balance of Payments The Balance-of-Payments Statement The Balance of Payments in Summary The U.S. Balance-of-Payments Deficits Summing Up... Key Terms Applica tion 15: Politics and the Balance-of-Payments Problem Reasons Behind lmport Restraints Protectionism: Costs and Benefits America's Trade Problem: The Myths Protectionism Will It Triumph or Fail? The Lesson to Be Leaned Summing Up Questions Suggested Readıngs Chapter 16: Economic Development ... How Do Poor Countries Become Rich? Economic Determinism Basic Questions About Economic Development How Do You Measure Well-Being? What Is A Significant Increase In Real Per Capita National Income?. Resistances to Growth and Development How Great Is The Income Gap? What About Natural Resources? Social and Cultural Resistances Population Growth Is The In come Gap Widening Or Closing? Technological and Technical Resistances. Is There Hope For Less Developed Countries? How Long Will It Take? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 17: Other Economic Systems in Theory Basic Economic Choices: A Reminder. Evaluating An Econ omic System Capitalism Socialism. Static Efficiency Dynamic Efficiency Property Rights: Should They Be Vested in Individuals or in the State? Private Property Rights Public Property Rights Why Do Property Rights Matter? Economic Advantages of Capitalism Economic Disadvantages of Capitalism Class Conflict Marx and Socialism Dialectical Materialism. Falling Profits and the Reserve Army of the Unemployed. Recurring Business Cycles Marx 's Gloomy Prediction: The Collapse of Capitalism What Happened To the Revolution?. Transition From Socialism To Capitalism: How Long and How difficult? But there are Problems What is Planned Socialism Advantages of Planned Socialism Disadvantages of Planned Socialism What is Market Socialism. Fascism Mixed Economies: A Fifth System? Advantages of Market Socialism Disadvantages of Market Socialism How ascism Conrasts With Capitalism and Socialism Advantage of Fascism...... Disadvantages of Fascism The Twenty-First Century: The End of Socialism? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 18: Russia: How Is It Moving From Planned Socialism To A Market Economy Emergence of the Planned Economy: The Early Soviet Union What to Produce: Central Planning Setting of Goals and Priorities The Planning Process A Problem When Resource Priorities Are Centrally Planned. A Second Problem With Centrally Planned Priorities. Problems When Prices are Controlled. Housing As An Example Why Soviet Central Planning was Technically So Difficult Input, Output, and Planning Efficiency of Production: State Ownership and Incentives Who Receives Output: The Wage System The Distribution of Real Income The Soviet Elite: A Classless Society Summing Up the Problems of Soviet Planning Structural Change in the Economy of the Former Soviet Union Summing Up Change in Russia: How Far? Aid To Russia: Boost or Deferent to Reform? Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 18: China and the Convergence of Systems China: How Far Has It Changed From Planned Socialism? 1980 to the Present After the Cultural Revolution 1970- 1976 China In Change: A Tentative Appraisal Recent Developments. Eastern Europe: A Postscript Economic Systems: Is Convergence the Wave of the Future? Questions Suggested Readings
MICROECONOMICS. SECONDE EDITION
COLANDER , David C.
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📖 Contenu
1 Economics and Economic Reasoning What Economics Is About Economic Reasoning Economic Policy Options Economic Terminology Economic Institutions Economic Insights A REMINDER: Five Important Things to Learn in Economics A Guide to Economic Reasoning Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits A REMINDER: Economic Knowledge in One Sentence: TANSTAAFL Economics and Passion Opportunity Cost The Production Possibility Table ADDED DIMENSION: Dealing with Math Anxiety The Production Possibility Curve and Tough The Production Possibility Curve ADDED DIMENSION: Resources, Inputs, Technology, and Output Choices Economics and the Invisible Forces ADDED DIMENSION: The Invisible Forces Economic Terminology REMINDER: Winston Churchill and Lady Economic Insights Astor Microeconomics and Macroeconomics The Invisible Hand Theory Economic Theory and Stories Economic Policy Options Economic Institutions Objective Policy Analysis Policy and the Invisible Forces Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Appendix A: Economics in Perspective Appendix B.: Graphis: The Language of Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Graphs 2 Supply and Demand Demand The Law of Demand The Demand Table From a Demand Table to a Demand Shifts in Demand versus Movement along a Individual and Market Demand Curves Given Demand Curve Curve A REMINDER: Six Things to Remember when Considering a Demand Curve Supply The Law of Supply The Supply Table From a Supply Table to a Supply Curve Individual and Market Supply Curves ADDED DIMENSION: Supply, Production, and Profit Shifts in Supply versus Movement along a A REMINDER: Six Things to Remember when The First Dynamic Law of Supply and Considering a Supply Curve Given Supply Curve The Marriage of Supply and Demand Demand The Second Dynamic Law of Supply and Demand The Third Dynamic Law of Supply and A REMINDER: The Dynamic Laws of Supply and Demand The Graphical Marriage of Demand and Supply Demand Equilibrium Diagram of the U.S. Economy Economic Geography of the United REMINDER: Entrepreneurship and Business Business States Trials and Tribulations of Starting a Rent-Seeking Economic Models S2 Changes in Supply and Demand ADDED DIMENSIONW: Public Choice and Supply and Demand in Action: Oil Price Fluctuations Consumer Sovereignty and Business Categories of Business Business ADDED DIMENSION: Historical Time, Historeses, and Tendency Toward Equilibrium" Analysis ADDED DIMENSION: Balance Sheet and Income Statement ADDED DIMENSION: Is the United States a Postindustrial Society? Conclusion ADDED DIMENSION: The Supply and Demand for Children Chapter Summary Key Terms Forms of Business Sizes of Business Goals of Business Households Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Households as Suppliers of Labor Household Types and Income People Power Sensibilities of American People The Social, Cultural, and Ideological Government 3 The Economic Organization of Society Economic Systems: Capitalism and Socialism ADDED DIMENSION: Finding More Information Government as an Actor Government as a Referee about the Economy The Limits of Government Action Chapter Summary Key Terms Differences between Soviet-Style Socialism Planning, Politics, and Markets and Capitalism Socialism in Theory Socialism in Practice Capitalism Feudal Society: Rule of the Invisible Evolving Economic Systems The History of Economic Systems Questions for Thought and Review Appendix A: Trading in Stocks Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Handshake An Introduction to the World Economy ADDED DIMENSION: Milestones in Economics From Feudalism to Mercantilism From Mercantilism to Capitalism ADDED DIMENSION: Tradition and Today's ADDED DIMENSION: The Role of Economists in ADDED DIMENSION: The Rise of Markets in Economic Transitions Perspective Economy Comparative Advantage and Trade International Economic Statistics: Differing Economic Problems Economic Geography 108 An Overview A REMINDER: A World Economic Geography How International Trade Differs from Domestic ADDED DIMENSION: Black and Gray Markets in Determinants of the Trade Deficit The U.S. International Trade Deficit Debtor and Creditor Nations Currency Trade Quiz From Capitalism to Welfare Capitalism From Feudalism to Socialism ADDED DIMENSION: Shareholders and Questions for Thought and Review Economic Systems of the Future Stakeholders From Socialism to Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Chapter Summary Key Terms Economists" View of Trade Restrictions U.S. Economic Institutions International Economic Policy and Institutions Governmental International Institutions Global corporations Bird's-Eye View of the U.S. Economy Use of Percentages Elasticity. Total Revenue. and Description of Elasticity and Total Revenue: A Closer Elasticity and the Demand Curve Some Examples Demand Look A REMINDER: International Economic Institutions Who Are Our International Competitors? The European Union ADDED DIMENSION: Income and Cross Elasticity of Elasticity of Demand Demand ADDED DIMENSION: Germany: The Leading EU *"Japan. Inc." Country The Influence of Substitution on the ADDED DIMENSION: Economies That Don't Work So Well Individual and Market Demand Chapter Summary Elasticity Conclusion Key Terms Don't Overestimate the Differences The Developing Countries of the World as Japan, Inc.. versus the United States Competitors Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Appendix A: Indifference Curve Analysis Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Appendix PART I Supply. Production, and Costs I Supply. Opportunity Cost, and Real People Microeconomics Opportunity Costs and the Law of Supply Estimating the Elasticity of Supply ADDED DIMENSION: A Geometric Trick for ADDED DIMENSION: Value Added and the Calculation of Total Production ADDED DIMENSION: Goods and Bads Elasticity of Supply Microeconomic Theor: The Basics 6 Individual Choice and Demand Individual Choice. Self-Interest. and Economic Reasoning The Production Process Utilitarian Foundations of individual The Role of the Fim in Production The Long Run and the Short Run Production Tables and Production Functions Choice The Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity The Relationship bet ween Total Utility and Marginal Utility Cardinal and Ordinal Utility Measuring Pleasure ADDED DIMENSION: The History of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity The Costs of Production Rational Choice and Marginal Utility Diminishing Marginal Utility Rational Choice and Maximizing Quality Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs Average Total Cost, Average Fixed Cost, a Average Variable Cost Marginal Cost Graphing Cost Curves Rational Choice and Simultaneous ADDED DIMENSION: Income and Substitution Marginal Utility and the Law of Demand Decisions Effects ADDED DIMENSION: The $5,000 Flashlight Intermission Chapter Summary Key Tems Applying Economists' Theory of Choice to the Real World ADDED DIMENSION: Making Decisions Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises individual Choice Theory in Context Elasticity of Demand Ignoring the Minas Sign importance of the MR=MC Economic Profit, Accounting Profit, and Equilibrium Condition Normal Profit 8 Supply, Production, and Costs II Setting MC = MR Maximizes Total Profit ADDED DIMENSION: Profit Maximization and Determining Profit and Loss ADDED DIMENSION: The Shutdown Decision and Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium Total Revenue and Total Costs Real- World Firms The Shutdown Point Experimental Economics Convergence to Equilibrium and the Relevant Costs Making Long-Run Production Decisions /82 Technical Efficiency and Economic ADDED DIMENSION: Producing the Mada Efficiency Miata A REMINDER: Review of Costs Total Cost and Long-Run Average Total The Relationship between Short-Run Average Cost Costs, Entrepreneurial Activity, und the Supply Decision I87 Price Must Be Expected to Exceed Cost lor a Good to Be Supplied /87 The Supply and Demand Curves for he Industry Other Examples in the Real World 2/3 Supply and Demand Together Perfect Competition, Pareto Optimality, and An Increase in Demand Judging Economic Systems A Technological Improvement A Decrease in Demand The Entrepreneur and Supply /87 Using Cost Analysis in the Real World Learning by Doing and Technological Economies of Scope Change ADDED DIMENSION: Profiles of Two Unmeasured Costs Entrepreneurs Many Dimensions A Geometric Representation of the Welfare Loss of Deviations from Perfect Competition 2/4 Criticism of the Pareto Optimality Benchmark Cost Considerations in Everyday Life: Two The Standard Model as a Framework ADDED DIMENSION: New Approaches in Cost Conclusion and a Look Ahead Examples Chapter Summary Analysis Key Terms The Importance of the Competitive Model for Questions for Thought and Review All Economists Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Conclusion 2/6 Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Competition, Monopoly. and Market Structure Monopoly Perfect Competition A Model of Monopoly Determining the Monopolist's Price and Determining the Monopolist's Price and Output Numerically Output Graphically The Necessary Conditions for Perfect Competition Perfect Competition The Necessary Conditions and the Definition of Supply ADDED DIMENSION: A Trick in Graphing the Marginal Revenue Curve Demand Curves for the Firm and the Industry A REMINDER: Monopolies Don't Have Supp. Profits and Monopoly Curves Profit Maximization and Equilibrium of a An Example of a Monopolist Makin a Profit Competitive Firm Marginal Revenue Marginal Cost An Example of a Monopolist And Making a Lo Monopolist with Z The Marginal Cost Curve Is the Supply Profit Maximization: MC= MR Curve Oligopoly Models, Structure, and Performance Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Appendix A: A Case Study The Price-Discriminating Monopolist A Partial Equilibrium Presentation of the The Welfare Loss from Monopoly Measuring the Welfare Loss from Welfare Loss Monopoly Government Policy and Monopoly ADDED DIMENSION: The Second Best and Some Qualifications to the Welfare Loss 12 Competition in the Real World What Do Real-World Firms Maximize? The Problem with Profit Maximization The Goals of Real-World Firms The Lazy Monopolist and The Fight between Competitive and Monopolistic Firms X-Inefficiency Types of Barriers to Entry and the Public's Should Government Charge Firms if It Gives View of Monopoly A Broader View of Monopoly Them a Monopoly Right? Normative Views of Monopoly AIDS, AZT, and Monopoly ADDED DIMENSION: The Winner's Curse Conclusion How Monopolistic Forces Triumph over Economic Insights and Real-World Perfect Competition Competition Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises How Competitive Forces Triumph over Monopoly Fair Price Doesn't Necessarily Mean Low ADDED DIMENSION: Some Facts about Health Care Natural Monopolies and Competition Economic Reasoning and the Real World Competition and Health Care Reform Two Case Studies in the United States Price 11 Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, and Strategic Pricing The Problems of Determining Market Classifying Industries Structure Competition and Studying Dynamic Economic ADDED DIMENSION: Case Study Updates Processes Chapter Summary Conglomerate Firms and Bigness Determining Industry Structure ADDED DIMENSION: Foreign Competitive The Importance of Classifying Industry Monopolistic Competition Many Sellers Oligopolies Structure Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Product Differentiation 13 The Regulation of Markets: Antitrust and Industrial Policies Ease of Entry of New Firms in the Long Multiple Dimensions of Competition Run Graphical Representation of Monopolistic Competition ADDED DIMENSION: Simple Tools and Complicated The Sherman Antitrust Act History of U.S. Antitrust Laws Problems Cases: Judging Market Competitiveness The Standard Oil and American Tobacco by Performance Comparing Monopolistic Competition with Perfect Competition Advertising and Monopolistic ADDED DIMENSION: The 10 Most Successful Competition Ads Oligopoly Competitiveness by Structure The Clayton Act and the Federal Trade The ALCOA Case: Judging Market Judging Markets by Structure and Commission Act Performance: The Reality Game Theory, Oligopoly, and Strategic Models of Oligopoly Behavior Strategic Pricing and Oligopoly Decision Making Game Theory and Experimental Economics Answers to Margin Questions Assessment of Antitrust Policy ADDED DIMENSION: White Knights and Golden Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers Acquisitions and Takeovers Recent Antitrust Cases 15 Nonwage and Asset Income: Rents, Profits, and Interest Mergers Parachutes Rent Recent Merger Activity and The Effect of a Tax on Land Quasi Rents Deacquisitions Assessment of Mergers and Rent Seeking and Institutional Acquisitions Constraints Profit International Competition. Industrial Policy, and Antitrust Policy Profit, Entrepreneurship. and Disequilibrium Adjustment Market Niches, Profit, and Rent Interest Antitrust Policy in Other Countries From Antitrust Policy to Industrial Policy ADDED DIMENSION: Where to Find a Market Alternative Theories of Interest Niche The Marginal Productivity Theory of Income Distribution ADDED DIMENSION: Antitrust Agencies in Some ADDED DIMENSION: In the Towers of the Activist Industrial Policy High-Tech Miracle Other Countries Chapter Summary Key Terms ADDED DIMENSION: The Press and Present Chapter Summary Value Conclusion Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Factor Markets 14 Work and the Labor Market Who Gets What? The Distribution of Income The Invisible Hand and the Labor Market The Supply of Labor A REMINDER: Income and Substitution Effects Ways of Considering the Distribution of Income U.S. Income Distribution over Time Income Distribution Question International Dimensions of Income: The The Size Distribution of Income ADDED DIMENSION: The Wal Street Journal on The Lorenz Curve Defining Poverty Poverty ADDED DIMENSION: Difficulties in Determining The Supply of and Demand for Labor Imperfect Competition and the Labor The Derived Demand for Labor The Other Invisible Forces and the Labor Marginal Productivities ADDED DIMENSION: The Luddites Market Market The Total Amount of Income in Various ADDED DIMENSION: The Gini Coefficient The Distribution of Wealth Counters A Loren Curve of the Distribution of Wealth How Much Wealth Do the Wealthy Have? Socioeconomic Dimensions Inequality Labor Markets in the Real World Job Discrimination and the Labor ADDED DIMENSION: Democracy in the Fairness and the Labor Market The Labor Market and You Workplace Market Chapler Summary Key 'Terms The Drug Legalization Debate A Drug Policy Alternative Summary The Licensure Debate Licensing Doctors Income Distribution according to Socioeconomic Characteristics Discrimination? What are the Causes of The Informational Alternative to International Male/Female Pay Gaps and Comparable Worth Laws Price Controls in Health Care Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Licensure Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Deciding What to Do about Economic Income Distribution according to Class Philosophical Debates about Equality and Income Distribution and Fairness Discrimination Fairness Fairness and Equality 18 Politics, Economics, and Agricultural Markets Fairness as Equality of Opportunity The Problems of Redistributing Income Real-World Policies and Programs or Income Three Important Side Effects of Politics, Income Redistribution, and Redistributive Programs Expenditure Programs to Redistribute Taxation to Redistribute Income Fairness Redistribution The Good/Bad Paradox in Agriculture ADDED DIMENSION: The Cost of a Box The Nature of Agricultural Markets ADDED DIMENSION: The Cartel Problem History of U.S. Farm Programs of Wheaties The Beginnings of Government Agricultural Programs Chapter Summary Income Key Terms Conclusion Stabilization and Support for Agricultural Prices How a Price Support System Works in Theory Politics, Economics, and Price Four Price Support Options Problems of Redistributing Income Appendix A: A Numerical Example of the Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Supports An Assessment of Farm Price Support Programs Conclusion Microeconomic Policy Debates Chapter Summary Key Terms 17 The Role of Government in the Economy Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Microeconomics, Social Policy, and Economic Reasoning The Arguments for and against Government ADDED DIMENSION: Laissez-Faire Is Not Intervention Anarchy Economists' Differing Views about Social Policy ADDED DIMENSION: Externalities and Public Four Arguments for Government ADDED DIMENSION: Economic Debates Intervention Goods How Economists' Value Judgments Creep into Policy Proposals Four Arguments against Government Intervention Why Economists Advise Policymakers Who Share Their Value Judgments Agreement among Economists about Social Policy ADDED DIMENSION: The lighthouse and Paul's Rebuttals the Bees Examples of Economists' Policy Advice The Difficult Decisions Milton's Rebuttals International Dimensions of Microeconomics Government Regulation ADDED DIMENSION: Heartbreak Cost/Traffic Benefit 21 International Trade Patterns of Trade Economists' Debate on Increasing the Minimum Wage The Debate Increasing but Fluctuating World Trade Differences in Importance of Trade Why Do Nations Trade? The Principle of Absolute Advantage The Principle of Comparative Advantage A Political Economist Speaks about How to Make Public Schools Better ADDED DIMENSION: Paving the Road to Disillusion Economists, Policymakers, and Policy Policy for the Real World with Good Intentions ADDED DIMENSION: Who Formulated the Principle Competitiveness, Exchange Rates, and Comparative Advantage Dividing Up the Gains from Trade of Comparative Advantage? ADDED DIMENSION: International Issues in ADDED DIMENSION: Countertrade Perspective Trade Restrictions Parrots and Economic Reasoning Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises 20 Economics and the Environment Varieties of Trade Restrictions ADDED DIMENSION: Hormones and Reasons for Trade Restrictions Economics Economists' Interpretation of the Problem The Empirical Debate about Global Warming Why Economists Generally Oppose Trade ADDED DIMENSION: Strategic Trade Policies Questions for Thought and Review ADDED DIMENSION: Dumping Free Trade Associations Answers to Margin Questions Restrictions Problems and Exercises Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Economists and Direct Regulation Alternative Policy Approaches ADDED DIMENSION: A Story of Two Bets How Limited Are Our Natural ADDED DIMENSION: Marketable Permits for Resources? Pollution Economists Are Dubious of Voluntary A Case Study: A Mandatory Recycling How to Pay for Conservation Program Solutions Growth and the Microeconomics of Developing Countries An Economist's Cos/Benefit View of the ADDED DIMENSION: NIMBY and the Supply of and ADDED DIMENSION: The Gyp Chipper: The The Economist's Perspective on Decision to Recycle Demand for Landfills Program Development: Preliminary Considerations ADDED DIMENSION: What to Call Developing Don't Judge Society by Its Income Alone Countries Environmental Problems Some Comparative Statistics on Rich and Developing Countries Focus on Poor Nations An Update on the Program and a Final Word Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Growth Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Obstacles to Economic Development Political Instability Corruption The Problems of Central Planning Nonmarket Pricing and Perverse Inability to Adjust Prices Quickly Lack of Accurate Information about Demand Incentives Lack of Appropriate Institutions Inappropriate Education Overpopulation Lack of Investment Strategies for Growth: An Ongoing Debate Central Planning Is Inconsistent with Socialist Economies in Transition ADDED DIMENSION: Economists' Advice in the General Transition Problems ADDED DIMENSION: Students in Bulgaria Specific Transition Problems Cautionary Lessons for Transitional Transition: TANSTAAFL Economies from Principles Democracy Balanced versus Unbalanced Growth Infrastructure versus Directly Productive Agriculture versus Industry Investment Export-Led Growth versus Import Substitution Mission Impossible Chapter Summary Key Terms of Economics What Is the Future? Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Socialist Economies in Transition Answers to Margin Questions The Historical Roots of Socialism How a Centrally Planned Economy Works Index Planning in a Centrally Planned Economy and in a Market Economy ADDED DIMENSION: The Search for Utopia Pricing in a Centrally Planned Deciding What to Produce Economy
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 4 FOR WINDOWS.
Shelly , Gary B.
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📖 Contenu
Building a Slide Presentation WHAT Is PowERPoINT?TECHNIQUES FOR FINDING THE RIGHT JOB Side Preparatiors Steps.STARTING POWERPOINT THE POWERPOINT STARTUP DIALOG Box. PICK A LOOK WIZARD. THE POWERPOINT WINDOW :PowerPoint Views.PowerPoint WNindow MAXIMIZING THE POWERPOINT WINDOW CREATING THE TITLE SLIDE Entering the Presentation Title. Correcting a Mistake While Typing Entering the Presentation Sub-itle.TEXT ATTRIBUTES. CHANGING THE TEXT STYLE.CHANGING THE FONT SIZE. SAVING THE PRESENTATION.ADDINGA NEW SLIDE. CREATING THE REMAINING SLIDES. IN THE PRESENTATION MOVING TO ANOTHER SLIDE. VIEWING THE PRESENTATION. USING SLIDE SHOW. USING THE NEXT SLIDE BUTTON. TO ADVANCE ONE SLIDE CHANGING SLIDE MASTER COMPONENTS. Changing Line Spacing on the Side Master.OVERRIDING THE SLIDE MASTER. CHECKING SPELLING.VIEWING THE PRESENTATION IN. SLIDE SORTER VIEW. SAVING AN EXISTING PRESENTATION.WITH THE SAME FILENAME.PRINTING THE PRESENTATION ExITING PoWERPOINT. OPENING A PRESENTATION CORRECTING ERRORS Types of Corrections Made to Presentations. Inserting Text into an Existing Slide Deleting Text. POWERPoINT ONLINE HELP .Viewing Quick Preview. Making a Transparency.DESIGNING A PRESENTATION. KEY TERMS AND INDEX QuICK REFERENCE. STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS.PROJECT Two reating a Presentation in Outline View. Slide Preparation Steps.STARTING POWERPOINT UsING ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THE PICK A LOOK WIZARD.Starting the Pick a Look Wizard.Selecting a Ternplate from the Presentation Termplate Dialo UsING OUTLINE VIEW.THE POWERPOINT SCREEN IN OUTLINE VIE CREATING A PRESENTATION IN OUTLINE VIE. Creatinga Title Slide in Outine View ADDING BULLETED LIST SLIDES IN OUTLINE VIEW Using Outline View to Create a Muitiple Level Bulleted List Finishing the Outline for Project 2. Creating the First Subordinate Slide. Creating the Second Subordinate Slide.CHANGING TO SLIDE VIEW ADDING CLIP ART TO A SLIDE. ADDING CLIP ART OBJECTS TO YOUR PRESENTATION : Changing Slide Layout. Adding Clip Art. Changing Text Size. Changing Slide Layout for Slide 3 USING THE AUTOSHAPES TOOLBARADDING TEXT TO AN OBJECT CHANGING TEXT COLOR CHANGING THE FILL COLOR OF THE SEAL OBJECT Short cut Menus EDITING THE PRESENTATION :Changing Slide Order in Outline View Changing Slide Order in Slide Sorter View,Copying a Slide ;Using the Undo Button to Reverse the Last Edit.PRINTING THE PRESENTATION O0UTLINE. PRINTING PRESENTATION SLIDES. KEY TERMS AND INDEX. QUICK REFERENCE STUDENT AsSIGNMENTS. Enhancing a Presentation and Adding Graphs and Tables.Slide Preparation Steps.MODIFYING AN EXISTING PRESENTATION. Starting PowerPoint Opening a Presentation. Saving the Presentation with a New Filename. Changing Templates Changing Slide Layout Deleting an Object.Addinga New Slide to the Presentation. UsING MiCROSOFT GRAPH TO CREATE A COLUMN GRAPH : Adding a New Slide with the Graph Auto Layout The Datasheet Cell, Active Cell, and Mouse Pointer Opening the Graph Application into the PowerPoint Window Graph Standard Toolbar. Graph Formatting Toolbar. Deleting Data from Columns in the Datasheet. Selecting a Cell in a Datasheet. Entering the Data Series Names Entering the Data Points Formatting Data Points on the Datasheet. Changing Graph's Orientation.Changing Graph Types. Adding Another Slide to the Presentation. ADDINGA TABLE Adding a Slide with the Table AutoLayout. Adding Column Headings.Entering Category Names.Opening the Word Application and Inserting a Table. Filling in the Rows. Formatting the Table. Adding Data Labels. Moving the Table Object Adding a Blank Slide to End the Presentation.ADDING SPECIAL EFFECTS Adding Transitions to a Slide Show Slide Sorter Toolbar.Applying Build Effects Applying a Build Effect to the Remaining Bulleted Slides. Dim Previous Points Saving the Presentation Again. RUNNING AN AUTOMATIC SLIDE SHOW USING SLIDE TIMINGS FOR AUTOMATIC SLIDE SHOW KEY TERMS AND INDEX QUICK REFERENCE STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS
MICROECONOMICS. SECONDE EDITION
COLANDER , DAVID
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📖 Contenu
Con PART 1 Economics and Economic Reasoning What Economics Is About Economic Reasoning Economic Policy Options Economic Terminology Economic Institutions Economic Insights A REMINDER: Five Important Things to Learn in Economics A Guide to Economic Reasoning Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits A REMINDER: Economic Knowledge in One Sentence: TANSTAAFL Economics and Passion Opportunity Cost The Production Possibility Table ADDED DIMENSION: Dealing with Math Anxiety The Production Possibility Curve and Tough The Production Possibility Curve ADDED DIMENSION: Resources, Inputs, Technology, and Output Choices Economics and the Invisible Forces ADDED DIMENSION: The Invisible Forces Economic Terminology REMINDER: Winston Churchill and Lady Economic Insights Astor Microeconomics and Macroeconomics The Invisible Hand Theory Economic Theory and Stories Economic Policy Options Economic Institutions Objective Policy Analysis Policy and the Invisible Forces Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Appendix A: Economics in Perspective Appendix B.: Graphis: The Language of Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Graphs 2 Supply and Demand Demand The Law of Demand The Demand Table From a Demand Table to a Demand Shifts in Demand versus Movement along a Individual and Market Demand Curves Given Demand Curve Curve A REMINDER: Six Things to Remember when Considering a Demand Curve Supply The Law of Supply The Supply Table From a Supply Table to a Supply Curve Individual and Market Supply Curves ADDED DIMENSION: Supply, Production, and Profit Shifts in Supply versus Movement along a A REMINDER: Six Things to Remember when The First Dynamic Law of Supply and Considering a Supply Curve Given Supply Curve The Marriage of Supply and Demand Demand The Second Dynamic Law of Supply and Demand The Third Dynamic Law of Supply and A REMINDER: The Dynamic Laws of Supply and Demand The Graphical Marriage of Demand and Supply Demand Equilibrium Diagram of the U.S. Economy Economic Geography of the United REMINDER: Entrepreneurship and Business Business States Trials and Tribulations of Starting a Rent-Seeking Economic Models S2 Changes in Supply and Demand ADDED DIMENSIONW: Public Choice and Supply and Demand in Action: Oil Price Fluctuations Consumer Sovereignty and Business Categories of Business Business ADDED DIMENSION: Historical Time, Historeses, and Tendency Toward Equilibrium" Analysis ADDED DIMENSION: Balance Sheet and Income Statement ADDED DIMENSION: Is the United States a Postindustrial Society? Conclusion ADDED DIMENSION: The Supply and Demand for Children Chapter Summary Key Terms Forms of Business Sizes of Business Goals of Business Households Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Households as Suppliers of Labor Household Types and Income People Power Sensibilities of American People The Social, Cultural, and Ideological Government 3 The Economic Organization of Society Economic Systems: Capitalism and Socialism ADDED DIMENSION: Finding More Information Government as an Actor Government as a Referee about the Economy The Limits of Government Action Chapter Summary Key Terms Differences between Soviet-Style Socialism Planning, Politics, and Markets and Capitalism Socialism in Theory Socialism in Practice Capitalism Feudal Society: Rule of the Invisible Evolving Economic Systems The History of Economic Systems Questions for Thought and Review Appendix A: Trading in Stocks Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Handshake An Introduction to the World Economy ADDED DIMENSION: Milestones in Economics From Feudalism to Mercantilism From Mercantilism to Capitalism ADDED DIMENSION: Tradition and Today's ADDED DIMENSION: The Role of Economists in ADDED DIMENSION: The Rise of Markets in Economic Transitions Perspective Economy Comparative Advantage and Trade International Economic Statistics: Differing Economic Problems Economic Geography 108 An Overview A REMINDER: A World Economic Geography How International Trade Differs from Domestic ADDED DIMENSION: Black and Gray Markets in Determinants of the Trade Deficit The U.S. International Trade Deficit Debtor and Creditor Nations Currency Trade Quiz From Capitalism to Welfare Capitalism From Feudalism to Socialism ADDED DIMENSION: Shareholders and Questions for Thought and Review Economic Systems of the Future Stakeholders From Socialism to Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Chapter Summary Key Terms Economists" View of Trade Restrictions U.S. Economic Institutions International Economic Policy and Institutions Governmental International Institutions Global corporations Bird's-Eye View of the U.S. Economy Use of Percentages Elasticity. Total Revenue. and Description of Elasticity and Total Revenue: A Closer Elasticity and the Demand Curve Some Examples Demand Look A REMINDER: International Economic Institutions Who Are Our International Competitors? The European Union ADDED DIMENSION: Income and Cross Elasticity of Elasticity of Demand Demand ADDED DIMENSION: Germany: The Leading EU *"Japan. Inc." Country The Influence of Substitution on the ADDED DIMENSION: Economies That Don't Work So Well Individual and Market Demand Chapter Summary Elasticity Conclusion Key Terms Don't Overestimate the Differences The Developing Countries of the World as Japan, Inc.. versus the United States Competitors Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Appendix A: Indifference Curve Analysis Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Appendix PART I Supply. Production, and Costs I Supply. Opportunity Cost, and Real People Microeconomics Opportunity Costs and the Law of Supply Estimating the Elasticity of Supply ADDED DIMENSION: A Geometric Trick for ADDED DIMENSION: Value Added and the Calculation of Total Production ADDED DIMENSION: Goods and Bads Elasticity of Supply Microeconomic Theor: The Basics 6 Individual Choice and Demand Individual Choice. Self-Interest. and Economic Reasoning The Production Process Utilitarian Foundations of individual The Role of the Fim in Production The Long Run and the Short Run Production Tables and Production Functions Choice The Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity The Relationship bet ween Total Utility and Marginal Utility Cardinal and Ordinal Utility Measuring Pleasure ADDED DIMENSION: The History of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity The Costs of Production Rational Choice and Marginal Utility Diminishing Marginal Utility Rational Choice and Maximizing Quality Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs Average Total Cost, Average Fixed Cost, a Average Variable Cost Marginal Cost Graphing Cost Curves Rational Choice and Simultaneous ADDED DIMENSION: Income and Substitution Marginal Utility and the Law of Demand Decisions Effects ADDED DIMENSION: The $5,000 Flashlight Intermission Chapter Summary Key Tems Applying Economists' Theory of Choice to the Real World ADDED DIMENSION: Making Decisions Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises individual Choice Theory in Context Elasticity of Demand Ignoring the Minas Sign importance of the MR=MC Economic Profit, Accounting Profit, and Equilibrium Condition Normal Profit 8 Supply, Production, and Costs II Setting MC = MR Maximizes Total Profit ADDED DIMENSION: Profit Maximization and Determining Profit and Loss ADDED DIMENSION: The Shutdown Decision and Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium Total Revenue and Total Costs Real- World Firms The Shutdown Point Experimental Economics Convergence to Equilibrium and the Relevant Costs Making Long-Run Production Decisions /82 Technical Efficiency and Economic ADDED DIMENSION: Producing the Mada Efficiency Miata A REMINDER: Review of Costs Total Cost and Long-Run Average Total The Relationship between Short-Run Average Cost Costs, Entrepreneurial Activity, und the Supply Decision I87 Price Must Be Expected to Exceed Cost lor a Good to Be Supplied /87 The Supply and Demand Curves for he Industry Other Examples in the Real World 2/3 Supply and Demand Together Perfect Competition, Pareto Optimality, and An Increase in Demand Judging Economic Systems A Technological Improvement A Decrease in Demand The Entrepreneur and Supply /87 Using Cost Analysis in the Real World Learning by Doing and Technological Economies of Scope Change ADDED DIMENSION: Profiles of Two Unmeasured Costs Entrepreneurs Many Dimensions A Geometric Representation of the Welfare Loss of Deviations from Perfect Competition 2/4 Criticism of the Pareto Optimality Benchmark Cost Considerations in Everyday Life: Two The Standard Model as a Framework ADDED DIMENSION: New Approaches in Cost Conclusion and a Look Ahead Examples Chapter Summary Analysis Key Terms The Importance of the Competitive Model for Questions for Thought and Review All Economists Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Conclusion 2/6 Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Competition, Monopoly. and Market Structure Monopoly Perfect Competition A Model of Monopoly Determining the Monopolist's Price and Determining the Monopolist's Price and Output Numerically Output Graphically The Necessary Conditions for Perfect Competition Perfect Competition The Necessary Conditions and the Definition of Supply ADDED DIMENSION: A Trick in Graphing the Marginal Revenue Curve Demand Curves for the Firm and the Industry A REMINDER: Monopolies Don't Have Supp. Profits and Monopoly Curves Profit Maximization and Equilibrium of a An Example of a Monopolist Makin a Profit Competitive Firm Marginal Revenue Marginal Cost An Example of a Monopolist And Making a Lo Monopolist with Z The Marginal Cost Curve Is the Supply Profit Maximization: MC= MR Curve Oligopoly Models, Structure, and Performance Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Appendix A: A Case Study The Price-Discriminating Monopolist A Partial Equilibrium Presentation of the The Welfare Loss from Monopoly Measuring the Welfare Loss from Welfare Loss Monopoly Government Policy and Monopoly ADDED DIMENSION: The Second Best and Some Qualifications to the Welfare Loss 12 Competition in the Real World What Do Real-World Firms Maximize? The Problem with Profit Maximization The Goals of Real-World Firms The Lazy Monopolist and The Fight between Competitive and Monopolistic Firms X-Inefficiency Types of Barriers to Entry and the Public's Should Government Charge Firms if It Gives View of Monopoly A Broader View of Monopoly Them a Monopoly Right? Normative Views of Monopoly AIDS, AZT, and Monopoly ADDED DIMENSION: The Winner's Curse Conclusion How Monopolistic Forces Triumph over Economic Insights and Real-World Perfect Competition Competition Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises How Competitive Forces Triumph over Monopoly Fair Price Doesn't Necessarily Mean Low ADDED DIMENSION: Some Facts about Health Care Natural Monopolies and Competition Economic Reasoning and the Real World Competition and Health Care Reform Two Case Studies in the United States Price 11 Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, and Strategic Pricing The Problems of Determining Market Classifying Industries Structure Competition and Studying Dynamic Economic ADDED DIMENSION: Case Study Updates Processes Chapter Summary Conglomerate Firms and Bigness Determining Industry Structure ADDED DIMENSION: Foreign Competitive The Importance of Classifying Industry Monopolistic Competition Many Sellers Oligopolies Structure Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Product Differentiation 13 The Regulation of Markets: Antitrust and Industrial Policies Ease of Entry of New Firms in the Long Multiple Dimensions of Competition Run Graphical Representation of Monopolistic Competition ADDED DIMENSION: Simple Tools and Complicated The Sherman Antitrust Act History of U.S. Antitrust Laws Problems Cases: Judging Market Competitiveness The Standard Oil and American Tobacco by Performance Comparing Monopolistic Competition with Perfect Competition Advertising and Monopolistic ADDED DIMENSION: The 10 Most Successful Competition Ads Oligopoly Competitiveness by Structure The Clayton Act and the Federal Trade The ALCOA Case: Judging Market Judging Markets by Structure and Commission Act Performance: The Reality Game Theory, Oligopoly, and Strategic Models of Oligopoly Behavior Strategic Pricing and Oligopoly Decision Making Game Theory and Experimental Economics Answers to Margin Questions Assessment of Antitrust Policy ADDED DIMENSION: White Knights and Golden Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers Acquisitions and Takeovers Recent Antitrust Cases 15 Nonwage and Asset Income: Rents, Profits, and Interest Mergers Parachutes Rent Recent Merger Activity and The Effect of a Tax on Land Quasi Rents Deacquisitions Assessment of Mergers and Rent Seeking and Institutional Acquisitions Constraints Profit International Competition. Industrial Policy, and Antitrust Policy Profit, Entrepreneurship. and Disequilibrium Adjustment Market Niches, Profit, and Rent Interest Antitrust Policy in Other Countries From Antitrust Policy to Industrial Policy ADDED DIMENSION: Where to Find a Market Alternative Theories of Interest Niche The Marginal Productivity Theory of Income Distribution ADDED DIMENSION: Antitrust Agencies in Some ADDED DIMENSION: In the Towers of the Activist Industrial Policy High-Tech Miracle Other Countries Chapter Summary Key Terms ADDED DIMENSION: The Press and Present Chapter Summary Value Conclusion Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Factor Markets 14 Work and the Labor Market Who Gets What? The Distribution of Income The Invisible Hand and the Labor Market The Supply of Labor A REMINDER: Income and Substitution Effects Ways of Considering the Distribution of Income U.S. Income Distribution over Time Income Distribution Question International Dimensions of Income: The The Size Distribution of Income ADDED DIMENSION: The Wal Street Journal on The Lorenz Curve Defining Poverty Poverty ADDED DIMENSION: Difficulties in Determining The Supply of and Demand for Labor Imperfect Competition and the Labor The Derived Demand for Labor The Other Invisible Forces and the Labor Marginal Productivities ADDED DIMENSION: The Luddites Market Market The Total Amount of Income in Various ADDED DIMENSION: The Gini Coefficient The Distribution of Wealth Counters A Loren Curve of the Distribution of Wealth How Much Wealth Do the Wealthy Have? Socioeconomic Dimensions Inequality Labor Markets in the Real World Job Discrimination and the Labor ADDED DIMENSION: Democracy in the Fairness and the Labor Market The Labor Market and You Workplace Market Chapler Summary Key 'Terms The Drug Legalization Debate A Drug Policy Alternative Summary The Licensure Debate Licensing Doctors Income Distribution according to Socioeconomic Characteristics Discrimination? What are the Causes of The Informational Alternative to International Male/Female Pay Gaps and Comparable Worth Laws Price Controls in Health Care Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Licensure Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Answers to Margin Questions Deciding What to Do about Economic Income Distribution according to Class Philosophical Debates about Equality and Income Distribution and Fairness Discrimination Fairness Fairness and Equality 18 Politics, Economics, and Agricultural Markets Fairness as Equality of Opportunity The Problems of Redistributing Income Real-World Policies and Programs or Income Three Important Side Effects of Politics, Income Redistribution, and Redistributive Programs Expenditure Programs to Redistribute Taxation to Redistribute Income Fairness Redistribution The Good/Bad Paradox in Agriculture ADDED DIMENSION: The Cost of a Box The Nature of Agricultural Markets ADDED DIMENSION: The Cartel Problem History of U.S. Farm Programs of Wheaties The Beginnings of Government Agricultural Programs Chapter Summary Income Key Terms Conclusion Stabilization and Support for Agricultural Prices How a Price Support System Works in Theory Politics, Economics, and Price Four Price Support Options Problems of Redistributing Income Appendix A: A Numerical Example of the Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Supports An Assessment of Farm Price Support Programs Conclusion Microeconomic Policy Debates Chapter Summary Key Terms 17 The Role of Government in the Economy Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Microeconomics, Social Policy, and Economic Reasoning The Arguments for and against Government ADDED DIMENSION: Laissez-Faire Is Not Intervention Anarchy Economists' Differing Views about Social Policy ADDED DIMENSION: Externalities and Public Four Arguments for Government ADDED DIMENSION: Economic Debates Intervention Goods How Economists' Value Judgments Creep into Policy Proposals Four Arguments against Government Intervention Why Economists Advise Policymakers Who Share Their Value Judgments Agreement among Economists about Social Policy ADDED DIMENSION: The lighthouse and Paul's Rebuttals the Bees Examples of Economists' Policy Advice The Difficult Decisions Milton's Rebuttals International Dimensions of Microeconomics Government Regulation ADDED DIMENSION: Heartbreak Cost/Traffic Benefit 21 International Trade Patterns of Trade Economists' Debate on Increasing the Minimum Wage The Debate Increasing but Fluctuating World Trade Differences in Importance of Trade Why Do Nations Trade? The Principle of Absolute Advantage The Principle of Comparative Advantage A Political Economist Speaks about How to Make Public Schools Better ADDED DIMENSION: Paving the Road to Disillusion Economists, Policymakers, and Policy Policy for the Real World with Good Intentions ADDED DIMENSION: Who Formulated the Principle Competitiveness, Exchange Rates, and Comparative Advantage Dividing Up the Gains from Trade of Comparative Advantage? ADDED DIMENSION: International Issues in ADDED DIMENSION: Countertrade Perspective Trade Restrictions Parrots and Economic Reasoning Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises 20 Economics and the Environment Varieties of Trade Restrictions ADDED DIMENSION: Hormones and Reasons for Trade Restrictions Economics Economists' Interpretation of the Problem The Empirical Debate about Global Warming Why Economists Generally Oppose Trade ADDED DIMENSION: Strategic Trade Policies Questions for Thought and Review ADDED DIMENSION: Dumping Free Trade Associations Answers to Margin Questions Restrictions Problems and Exercises Chapter Summary Conclusion Key Terms Economists and Direct Regulation Alternative Policy Approaches ADDED DIMENSION: A Story of Two Bets How Limited Are Our Natural ADDED DIMENSION: Marketable Permits for Resources? Pollution Economists Are Dubious of Voluntary A Case Study: A Mandatory Recycling How to Pay for Conservation Program Solutions Growth and the Microeconomics of Developing Countries An Economist's Cos/Benefit View of the ADDED DIMENSION: NIMBY and the Supply of and ADDED DIMENSION: The Gyp Chipper: The The Economist's Perspective on Decision to Recycle Demand for Landfills Program Development: Preliminary Considerations ADDED DIMENSION: What to Call Developing Don't Judge Society by Its Income Alone Countries Environmental Problems Some Comparative Statistics on Rich and Developing Countries Focus on Poor Nations An Update on the Program and a Final Word Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Growth Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Obstacles to Economic Development Political Instability Corruption The Problems of Central Planning Nonmarket Pricing and Perverse Inability to Adjust Prices Quickly Lack of Accurate Information about Demand Incentives Lack of Appropriate Institutions Inappropriate Education Overpopulation Lack of Investment Strategies for Growth: An Ongoing Debate Central Planning Is Inconsistent with Socialist Economies in Transition ADDED DIMENSION: Economists' Advice in the General Transition Problems ADDED DIMENSION: Students in Bulgaria Specific Transition Problems Cautionary Lessons for Transitional Transition: TANSTAAFL Economies from Principles Democracy Balanced versus Unbalanced Growth Infrastructure versus Directly Productive Agriculture versus Industry Investment Export-Led Growth versus Import Substitution Mission Impossible Chapter Summary Key Terms of Economics What Is the Future? Chapter Summary Key Terms Questions for Thought and Review Answers to Margin Questions Problems and Exercises Questions for Thought and Review Problems and Exercises Socialist Economies in Transition Answers to Margin Questions The Historical Roots of Socialism How a Centrally Planned Economy Works Index Planning in a Centrally Planned Economy and in a Market Economy ADDED DIMENSION: The Search for Utopia Pricing in a Centrally Planned Deciding What to Produce Economy
Microeconomics
PSARKS, Willis , DONALD L., F.James
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Part One - Introduction Chapter 1: Breaking the Ice .... The Aims of the Economist What Is Economics? Macroeconomics and Microeconomics: Economic Principles From Two Perspectives. What Is The Economist's Method? The Citizen and Economic Policy Notes on This Text, and How to Study End-of-Chapter Summaries Mathematics De-emphasized. Positive Versus Normative Economics A Word About Words Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 1: Self-interest: Endangered Motivation or the Key to the Future ? Self-Interest: Key to All Characters Homo Economicus Private Citizens Want Private Profits Do Corporations Value Profits Above All Else? Homo Econ omicus: Voices of Dissent The Radical View Summing Up Questions Suggested Reading Chapter 2: Scarcity .... The Results of Market Exchanges: The Invisible Hand Scarcity: Source of Basic Economic Questions An Unreal World: No Scarcity Back to the Real World: Basic Questions Is Scarcity Meaningful Today? Viewing the Choices: The Production -Possibilities Curve The Production-Possibilities Table Graphing the Production-Possibilities Curve Economic Growth: Shifting the Production-Possibilities Curve Employment, Full Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment. A Word of Caution What Is Economic Integration? Increasing Opportunity Costs: Why Is The Curve Shaped That Way? What Is the (Positive) "Cost of the Lunch?" Resources Are Specialized Mental Reservations A Classical Explanation of Growth: Shifts in Production Possibilities Institutions Play a Very Important Part in Decision Making Summing Up. Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 3: Supply and Demand: Priee Determination in Competitive Mark What Is Competiton How Are Prices Set? Supply And Demand Dermand An Indi vidual DemandCurve Changes in Quanuty Demanded Versus Changes in Demand Demand Summing Up Market Demand Supply What Is Supply? Why Do Supply Data and the Supply Curve Tell Us? Why Do Supply Curves Slope Upward? Why Do Supply Curves Shift? Market Supply - Difference Between Movements Along and Shifts In Curves Equilibrium Pricing Conditions for Competitive Pricing Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 3: When Should We Let Supply and Demand Work? Rent Controls and the Price of Housing Government Determined Prices: The Arguments. Are Rent Controls Effective? (The Best Case) Are Rent Controls Effective? (The Worst Case) The Dynamics of Rent Controlled Housing Illegal or "Black Markets'" The Future of Rent Controls Summing Ứp Questions Suggested Readings Part Two - Microeconomics. Chapter 4: The Demand Side of the Market What is Demand? Income and Substitution Effects Theoretical Exceptions to the Law of Demand Utility: Another Way to Explain Demand The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Making Choices That Maximize Utility Equilibrium in a World of Many Goods Utility Maximizing Behavior, An Arithmetic Illustration Deriving a Demand Curve Independent Utilities: A Simplifying Assumption Market Demand Elasticity: Estimating Consumer Responses to Price and Other Changes Price Elasticity of Demand Elasticity of Demand and the Slope of a Demand Curve Computing Price Elasticity's of Demand Differing Elasticities of Demand Determinants of the Elasticity of Demand Some Selected Price Elasticities of Demand Why Do Elasticities Matter?. Elasticities and Total Revenue Prices Go Up, Some Industries Prosper, Some Suffer Prices Go Down, Some Industries Suffer, Some Prosper Prices Go Up or Down, Revenues Remain the Same Elasticities and Total Revenue: A Summation Why Do Elasticities Matter? An Automobile Industry Example Elasticities and Excise Tax Incidence. Price Elasticity and Straight Line Demand Curves: A Final Note An Implication: Where to Set Price Other Demand Elasticities Income Elasticity of Demand Cross Price Elasticities of Demand. Cross Price Elasticity Signs Why Do Cross Price Elasticities Matter? An Illustration Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 4: Will Redistributing Income Make People Happier?. The Distribution of Satisfaction The Distribution of Income Governments and Income Distribution Questions Chapter 5: The Supply Side Of Markets What is Supply?. What Determines A Firm's Costs? Explicit and Implicit Costs Profit Charleston Burger Company: An Illustration of Accounting Profit, Normal Profit, Economic Profit, and Economic Loss Is Charleston Burger Profitable? Summing Up Profits and Losses .. The Influence of Time on Supply: Four Periods Market Period Short-Run Period. Long-Run Period Historical Period. Costs and Supply in the Market Period Costs and Supply in the Short-Run Period The Law of Diminishing Returns or Variable Proportions Short-Run Supply An Example: Some A verage and Marginal Costs for Charleston Burger The Role of Fixed Cost Costs and Supply in the Long-Run Supply Curves for a Whole Industry Elasticity of Supply. Some Final Words About Supply Summing Up. Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 5: Markets for Illegal Goods Picing Illegal Goods: Alcohol and NarcouCS Effect of llegality on Demand Effect of Legalization on Supply Keverse Price Discnmination Plus Strict Enforcement: An Alternative? Effects of Strict Law Enforcement Reverse Price Discrimination: An Alternative? Illegal Drug Markets: A Summing Up Summing Up Key Tens Questions Suggested Readings Chapter6: Market Equilibrium: Do Private Mlarkets Always Produce What Is Socially Desirable? Equilibrium Price Private Equilibrium Social Equilibrium Effects of Externalities A Tax to Create Public Equilibrium Can Externalities Be Internalized? Common Property Resources Government and Property Rights How Much Government Intervention Is Enough? Spillovers and Government Intervention Summing Up Key Terns Questions Suggested Readings Applica tion 6: How Much Clean Air Do We Want to Buy? Dire Predictions and How to Live with Them. The Price of Breathing... Enforcing Limits on Air Pollution: Hard Choices. Summing Up Key Term Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 7: The Role of Government and the Modern American Economy Government and Antitrust: The Rule of Reason Mergers and Antitrust Are Big Firms Bad for the Economy?. How Important Is Static Pure Competition? How Competitive is the U.S. Economy? More Antitrust or Less?. Why the Increased Competition from 1958 to 1994?. Antitrust Laws: Changes in the Future? Public Choice: Can Economic Principles Explain Government Decisions? The Econ omy: The Name of the Game and the Rules What is a Fair Game? Can All Players Be Made Better Off? Rules and Rule Changes Public Choices in American Democracy: Whose Tastes Count Most? The Median-Voter Model Denying the Median Voter: Logrolling No Clear Winners: Cycieal Majorities Representative Versus Direct Democracies What are the Objecuves of Public Choice Makers? Rational lgnorance Publie Choces: How are Costs and Benefits Disributed? When Special Interests Seek Rents ...* How To Seek Rents: Political Action Committees How Does Rent Seeking Affect Efficiency? Resources Going Underground: The Role of Government Is Public Choice Anti-Government? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 7: The Dairy Lobby: Are Both Consumers and Cows Milked? A Model of the Milk Market The Experience of Milk Price Supports How Much Does The Program Cost? Why Not A Competitive Milk Industry? Why Don't Consumers Resist? Summing Up Suggested Readings Chapter 8: Pure Competition: One Extreme Market Classifications Characteristics of Pure Competition Pricing Decisions Output Decisions Pure Competition in the Short Run Total Revenue and Total Cost Profit Maximization: Marginal Cost Equals Marginal Revenue The Competitive Firm's Market Situation The Competitive Firm's Conjectural Demand Curve Situation 1: Economic Profit Situation 2: Normal Profit Situation 3: Economic Loss with Production Situation 4: Economic Loss With Shut Down Pure Competition, Short Run: A Summary Marginal Cost: The Competitive Firm's Short-Run Supply Curve. Pure Competition in the Long Run ........ Increasing-Cost, Constant-Cost, and Decreasing-Cost Industries Increasing-Cost Industries. Constant-Cost Industries Decreasing-Cost Industries *******. The Advantages of Pure Competition. Most Technically Efficient Level of Cost Most Allocatively Efficient Combination of Products ..... Welfare of Buyers and Sellers: Consumers' and Producers' Surplus Benefits to Consumers: Consumers' Surplus Benefits to Producers: Producers' Surplus Competitive Equilibrium: Maximum Benefits to Consumers and Producers . The Disadvantages of Pure Competition The Relevance of Pure Competition Summing Up Key Terms OuestioO Suggested Application 8: Do We Really Want Competition? The Farming Mess. Ongins of the Government Intervention. No Bed of Roses: Agricultural Economic Problems Readings Dermand Supply: Short Run Supply: Long Run The Agricultural Support Program Continity of Production Technological Change. Efforts to Reduce Direct Government Intervention Back to Govermment Intervention: 1976 through 1995 Government Intervention on the Demand Side. Has Intervention Worked? Did the Agricultural Support Program Help All Agriculture? U.S. Agricultural Policy: A Reprise Summing Up Exports Key Term Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 9: Pure Monopoly: The Other Extreme Pure Monopoly: A Definition Barriers to Entry Pure Monopoly mỊ, ar, and d Elasticity of Demand Pure Monopoly: Short Run Pure Mon opoly: Long Run Pure Competition Versus Pure Monopoly Monopolies and Supply Decisions Utilizing Technology Effectively: Natural Monopoly Monopoly and the Creation of Technology Technology: Dynamics Versus Statics Regulated Monopoly Key Terms Cost Overstatement Under Regulation: An Example Summing Up. Regulation of (Multi-firm) Monopolistic Industries: An Airline Example Price Discrimination Conditions Necessary for Price Discrimination Graphic Analysis of Price Discrimination Welfare Effects: A Comparison of Monopoly and Competition The Welfare Effects of Price Discriminating Monopoly Questions Suggested Readings The Industry Under Regulation What to Expect from Deregulation: A Brief Review Deregulation: The Short Run. Application 9: Regulation Versus Deregulation: When are Airline Markets Contestable? Transportation Regulation: Public Interest or Industry Captured Deregulation: The Long Run and Reconcentration Airline Mergers ............. Contestability and the Number of Firms Barriers to Entry Reregulati on ? Summing Up Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 10: lmperfect Competition: Monopolistic Competition and Product Differentiation. What Is Monopolistic Competition?. Sources of Product Differentiation Advertising Product Differentiation and the Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Competition: The Short Run Competition: A Reprise The Four Short-Run Profit and Loss Positions of a Typical Monopolistically Competitive Firm Monopolistic Competition: The Long Run An Exception to Normal Profit Monopolistic Competition: The Excess Capacity Argument Monopolistic Competition: A Caveat Forms of Differentiation: A Reminder Location Quality of Service. A Policy Question: Is Monopolistic Competition Often as Close as We Can Get and Want to Get to Pure Competition? Conclusions About Monopolistic Competition Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter ll: Oligopoly: Imperfect Competition Among the Few Definition of Oligopoly Number of Firms: Small Product: Both Homogeneous and Differentiated Barriers to Entry: Substantial Behavior of the Oligopolistic Firm How May Interdependent Firms React? Organization and Collusion. Class I Oligopolies: Organization and Collusion Efficiency Effects of Class I Oligopolies Social Reaction to Class I Oligopolies: The Antitrust Laws Class II Oligopolies: Unorganized But Collusive Efficiency Implications of Class II Oligopoly Class III Oligopoly: Unorganized, Non-Collusive The Kinked Demand Assumptions Nonprice Competition Among the Few Styling Services Quality Advertising Profit Maximization: Fact or Fancy? Kinked Demands, Sticky Prices, and Sluggish Output: Is This the Worst of Oligopoly? Relevancy of Kinked Demand Oligopoly Profit Maximization: Sunnming Up Oigopoly Summing Up But Are Costs Lower in Competitive Industries? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readıngs Application 1lt Some Cases of Oligopoly Behavior Surmming Up The Edgeworth Model of Duopoly Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 12: The Factor Markets: Not Only Products Are Sold What Are Factor Markets? Factors: Supply and Demand. What Determines the Dermand for Factors? An Example of Factor Demand Class I Oligopoly: Organization and Covert Collusion in the Elecrical Pquiprnent Industry .343 Class II Oligopoly: Unorganized But Tacit Collusion in the Steel Industry Class IlI Oligopoly: No Dominant Firm in the Soft Drink Industry To Maximize Profit, Minimize Cost. Demand for a Resource by the Market as a Whole Elasticity of Dermand for a Resource Income Distribution: "Fair" or "Unfair?" Demand for Resources Among Monopolistic Firms Product Monopoly: Is It A Problerm in Factor Markets? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Reading Application 12: How Much Education Should We Buy? Society's "Purchase" of Education Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 13: How Wage Rates and Other Factor Prices Are Set Wages: Competitive Versus Noncompetitive. Why Not a Single Wage Rate? Different Skills and Different Supplies of Skills Different Wages and Same Skills. How Wages Are Set: Competitively Priced Labor How Wages Are Set: Noncompetitively Priced Labor Monopsony: A Summary Point Professional Sports and Monopsony Situation C. Bilateral Monopoly (One Employer, One Union) Situation A. Monopsony in the Labor Market, Competition in the Product Market How Many Jobs to Offer: MRP = MRC.. Situation B. Monopsony in the Labor Market, Monopoly in the Product Market .. Monopsony and Competition Compared in Labor Markets An Important Point About Bilateral Monopoly Exclusive and Inclusive Unions Other Strategies: Wavs To Increase Jobs and Wages. The Government Steps In: Minimum Wage Laws The Past and Future of Minimum Wage Laws 1he Evidence: Monopsony Versus Comnpetitive Labor Markets More About Wage Discrimination What is Economic Discrimination? Understanding Discrimination. What Are the Consequences of Crowding?. Unequal Wages for Equal Jobs A Note of Caution. What Can Be Done About Discrimination? Public Action Private Action Unions Creating Entrepreneurs Other Factors of Production: Land, Capital, and Entrepreneurship Land and Its Rent Rents as Signals: Valid or Not? Quasi-Rents or Common Rents Capital and Interest Rates Government and the Capital Market Entrepreneurship and Profit Is Profit Earned? Summing Up Key Terms Questions ... Suggested Readings Application 13: Comparable Worth: Market Distortion or Sensible Correction for Discrimination? Two Views About the Earning Gap Discrimination or Voluntary Choice: The Evidence Choice of Occupation Summing Up Grup A Versus Group B: A Policy Synopsis Group A: Policy Recommendation Group B: Policy Recommendation Comparable Worth: More Fairness or Fewer Jobs? The Argument Against Comparable Worth The Case for Comparable Worth. What are Large or Small Costs and Benefits? Comparable Worth: Its Future Questions Suggested Readings Part Three - International Economics Chapter 14: Patterns of International Trad What Is Trade? How Important Is Trade to America? Trade and the American Economy But Is Trade as Important to Us as to Others? The Gains from Trade Trade and Comparative Advantage The Terms of Trade What Deternines Comparative Advantage? Demand Consideraions**v********.t*k**** Increasing COsts and OtherCautions The Means of Protection.. Tariffs Elasticily and the Burden of the Tariff Import Quotas. Export Quotas: Rational Ignorance by Consumers?. Arguments in Favor of Protection .... *******s**h**sReve******k****** The Infant-Industry Argument The National-Security Argument The Cheap-Foreign-Labor Argument The Macroeconomic-Employment Argument Retaliation for "Unfair" Trade Practices The Rustbelt: Protecting Declining Industries Tariffs Since World War II: GATT Free Trade: A Reprise Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Reading Application 14: Does Trade Create Development?. The Relation Between Trade and Development The Classical View Reservations About the Traditional View Those With Reservations: Modify Free Trade Debt Problems of the LDCs and NICs Implications for Trade Policies.. Summing Up Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 15: Paying for International Trade. An Example of Money Exchange A Good International Monetary System Determining Equilibrium Exchange Rates Freely Floating Exchange Rates. Fixed Exchange Rates Exchange Rate Market Intervention Adjusting Economies to Fluctuations in the Exchange Rate The Gold Standard. Questions Suggested Readings Postwar International Exchange Arrangements The Managed (Dirty) Float: Whither the Future?. The Balance of Payments The Balance-of-Payments Statement The Balance of Payments in Summary The U.S. Balance-of-Payments Deficits Summing Up... Key Terms Applica tion 15: Politics and the Balance-of-Payments Problem Reasons Behind lmport Restraints Protectionism: Costs and Benefits America's Trade Problem: The Myths Protectionism Will It Triumph or Fail? The Lesson to Be Leaned Summing Up Questions Suggested Readıngs Chapter 16: Economic Development ... How Do Poor Countries Become Rich? Economic Determinism Basic Questions About Economic Development How Do You Measure Well-Being? What Is A Significant Increase In Real Per Capita National Income?. Resistances to Growth and Development How Great Is The Income Gap? What About Natural Resources? Social and Cultural Resistances Population Growth Is The In come Gap Widening Or Closing? Technological and Technical Resistances. Is There Hope For Less Developed Countries? How Long Will It Take? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 17: Other Economic Systems in Theory Basic Economic Choices: A Reminder. Evaluating An Econ omic System Capitalism Socialism. Static Efficiency Dynamic Efficiency Property Rights: Should They Be Vested in Individuals or in the State? Private Property Rights Public Property Rights Why Do Property Rights Matter? Economic Advantages of Capitalism Economic Disadvantages of Capitalism Class Conflict Marx and Socialism Dialectical Materialism. Falling Profits and the Reserve Army of the Unemployed. Recurring Business Cycles Marx 's Gloomy Prediction: The Collapse of Capitalism What Happened To the Revolution?. Transition From Socialism To Capitalism: How Long and How difficult? But there are Problems What is Planned Socialism Advantages of Planned Socialism Disadvantages of Planned Socialism What is Market Socialism. Fascism Mixed Economies: A Fifth System? Advantages of Market Socialism Disadvantages of Market Socialism How ascism Conrasts With Capitalism and Socialism Advantage of Fascism...... Disadvantages of Fascism The Twenty-First Century: The End of Socialism? Summing Up Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Chapter 18: Russia: How Is It Moving From Planned Socialism To A Market Economy Emergence of the Planned Economy: The Early Soviet Union What to Produce: Central Planning Setting of Goals and Priorities The Planning Process A Problem When Resource Priorities Are Centrally Planned. A Second Problem With Centrally Planned Priorities. Problems When Prices are Controlled. Housing As An Example Why Soviet Central Planning was Technically So Difficult Input, Output, and Planning Efficiency of Production: State Ownership and Incentives Who Receives Output: The Wage System The Distribution of Real Income The Soviet Elite: A Classless Society Summing Up the Problems of Soviet Planning Structural Change in the Economy of the Former Soviet Union Summing Up Change in Russia: How Far? Aid To Russia: Boost or Deferent to Reform? Key Terms Questions Suggested Readings Application 18: China and the Convergence of Systems China: How Far Has It Changed From Planned Socialism? 1980 to the Present After the Cultural Revolution 1970- 1976 China In Change: A Tentative Appraisal Recent Developments. Eastern Europe: A Postscript Economic Systems: Is Convergence the Wave of the Future? Questions Suggested Readings
ANALYZING AND SOLVING INTEGRATED ACCOUNTING: Problems using lotus 1-2-3 includes one 3.5" template for the IBM PC
KOEPPEN, KIESO , David R., Donald E.
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Preprogrammed Template - Time Value of Money B. Partially Complcted Textbook Problems, E10, EA15, PE4 C Unformatted Textbook Problem, Group Assignment Calcalaticns Cash and Receivables A. Preprogrammed Template - Notes Receivable B. Tutorial - Accounts Receivable Aging C. Tutorial - Discountíng Notes Receivabie D. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, E7-8, P7-4, P7-7 Accounting and the Time Value of Money E. Unformatted Textbook Problem, P7-8 F. Comprchensive Problem - Proof of Cash CHAPTER 8 A. Preprogrammed Template - Dollar-Value Lifo CHAPTER 9 B. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, E&-17, P&-5, P&-8 C. Unformatted Textbook Problem, E8-27 Valuation of Inventories A. Preprogram med Template - Retail Inventory Method CHAPTER 10 B. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, E9-3, E9-7, Writing Assignment Caliculatioms C. Unformatted Textbook Problem, P9-6 D. Comprehensive Problem - Inventory Methods and Lower of Cost or Market Inventories: Additional Valuation Problems A. Preprogrammed Template - Exchange of Used Assets B. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, E10-9, E10-14, Group Assignment Calculatic C. Unformatted Textbook Problem, E10-15 Acquisition and Disposition of Property, Plant, and Equipm HAPTER 11 Depreciation and Depletion IAPTER 12 APTER 13 A. Preprogrammed Template - Depreciation Methods B. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, El1-1, P11-3, P11-7 APTER 14 C. Unformatted Textbook Problem, E11-9 A. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, E12-8, E12-13, *P12-8 B. Unformatted Textbook Problem, P12-10 Intangible Assets Current Liabilities and Contingencies A. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, "E13-17, P13-2, P13-4, PI3-12 B. Unformatted Textbook Problem, *P13-13 Long-Term Liabilities A. Preprogrammed Template - Bonds Payable B. Preprogrammed Template - Serial Bonds Payable C. Tutorial - Bonds Payable With Straight-line Amortization D. Partially Completed Textbook Problems, El4-7, P14-2, P14-5 E. Unformatted Textbook Problem, El4-16 F. Comprehensive Problem - Troubled Debt Restructuring
MICROECONOMICS. THIRD EDITION
PINDYCK , ROBERT
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PART I/INTRODUCTION :MARKET AND PRICE 1/PRELIMINARIES 1/1:THE USE AND LIMITATION OF MICROECNOMIC THEORY 1/2:POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE ANALYSIS 1/3:WHY STUDY MICROECONOMIC ? 1/4:WHAT IS A MARKET ? 1/5:REAL VERSUS NOMINAL PRICES 2/THE BASIC OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 2.1/THE MARKET MECHANISM 2/SHIFTS IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND 3/ELASTICITIES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 4/SHORT RUN VERSUS LONG RUN ELASTICITIES 5/UNDERSTANDING AND PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF CHANGING MARKET CONDITION 6/EFFETS OF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION PRICE CONTROLS PART II PRODUCER;CONSUMER AND COMPETITIVE MARKETS 3/CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 3.1/CONSUMER PREFERENCE 2/BUDGET CONSTRAINTS 3/CONSUMER CHOICE 4/REVEALED PREFERENCE 5/THE CONCEPT OF UTILITY 4/INDIVIDUAL AND MARKET DEMAND 4.1/INDIVIDUAL DEMAND 2/INCOME AND SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS 3/MARKET DEMAND 4/CONSUMER SURPLUS 5/NETWORK EXTERNALITIES 6/EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF DEMAND 5/CHOICE UNDER UNCERTAINTY 5.1/DESCRIBING RISK 2/PREFERENCE TOWARD RISK 3/REDUCING RISK 4/THE DEMAND FOR RISKY ASSETS 6/PRODUCTION 6.1/THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION 2/ISOQUANTS 3/PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT 4/PRODUCTION WHIT TWO VARIABLE INPUTS 7/THE COAST OF PRODUCTION 7.1/MEASURING COST:whitch coasts matter 2/COAST IN THE SHORT RUN 3/COAST IN THE LUNG RUN 4/LONG-RUN VERSUS SHORT-RUN COAST CURVES 5/PRODUCTION WITH TWO OUTPUTS ECONOMIES OF SCOPE 6/DYNAMIC CHANGES IN COAST THE LEARNING CURVE 7/ESTIMATING AND PREDICTING 8/PROFITS MAXIMIZATION AND COMPETITIVE SUPPLY PROFIT MAXIMIZATION MARGINAL REVENUE MARGINAL COAST;AND PROFIT MAXIMIZATION CHOOSING OUTPUT IN THE SHORT RUN THE COMPETITIVE FIRM'S SHORT RUN SUPPLY CURVE THE SHORT RUN MARKET SUPPLY CURVE CHOOSING OUTPUT IN THE LNG RUN THE INDUSTRY'S LONG RUN SUPPLY CURVE WHEN IS A MARKET PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE? 9/THE ANALYSE OF COMPETITIVE MARKETS EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSES FROM GOVERNMENT POLICIES -CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUS THE EFFICIENCY OF A COMPETITIVE MARKET MINIMUM PRICES PRICE SUPPORT AND PRODUCTION QUOTAS IMPORT QUOTAS AND TARRIFS THE IMPACT OF A TAX OR SUBSIDY PART III MARKET STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGY 10/MARKET POWER:MONOPOLY AND MONOPSONY 11/PRICING WHIT MARKET POWER 12/MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND OLIGOPOLY 13/GAME THEORY AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGY 14/MARKETS FOR FACTOR INPUTS 15/INVESTMENT ;TIME AND CAPITAL MARKETS PART IV INFORMATION ,MARKETS FAILURE AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT 16/GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY 17/MARKET WITH ASYMMETRIC IFORMATION 18/EXTERNALITIES AND PUBLIC GOODS APPENDIX THE BASIC OF REGRESSION GLOSSARY ANSWER TO SELECTED EXERCICES INDEX
BASIC CORPORATE LAW AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
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Enregistrement du nom; Dépôts réglementaires Responsabilité de l'entreprise individuelle Fiscalité de l'entreprise individuelle Résiliation de l'entreprise individuelle 16 considérations pratiques Préface Liste des figures CHAPITRE 1 Entreprise individuelle Formation et fonctionnement CHAPITRE 2 Société en nom collectif Caractéristiques Formation et fonctionnement L'accord de partenariat; l'enregistrement du nom; la réglementation Dépôts; Gestion de la société de personnes Propriété des biens de la société Responsabilité des associés Fiscalité des associés Répartition des bénéfices et des pertes Résiliation de la société en nom collectif 2-8 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 3 Société en commandite Caractéristiques 3-2 Formation et fonctionnement Certificat de société en commandite; La société en commandite Accord; Participation des associés à la gestion 3-3 Responsabilité des associés ht O par Glécome McGraw-Hill. Taxtim des Partes Changements dans les intérêts des partisans CHAPITRE 4 La société et autres formes de Organisations commerciales Résiliation de la société en commandite Considérations pratiques La Société Caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients, création statutaire et Pooers Types de sociétés Société commerciale; Société professionnelle; Organisme à but non lucratif Société; Société fermée 44 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 5 Société commerciale Autres formes d'organisations commerciales Société à responsabilité limitée; fiducie commerciale 5-1 Structure de propriété et de gestion Actionnaires; Administrateurs; Dirigeants 5-2 Responsabilité Fiscalité des sociétés Dissolution des sociétés 5-5 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 6 Formation des sociétés Exigences légales pour la constitution en société Procédures de dépôt 6-2 Activités et considérations préalables à la constitution Souscription d'actions ; État de constitution ; Nom de l'entreprise ; Nom fictif 6-3 Statuts constitutifs : dispositions statutaires 6-4 Statuts constitutifs : dispositions facultatives 6-5 Activités post-constitution Publicité légale ; considérations relatives au droit des valeurs mobilières 6-6 Statuts Nom de l'entreprise; Structure du capital; Agent enregistré et adresse; Fondateur Administrateurs initiaux ; Objectifs et pouvoirs de l'entreprise ; Période de Existence, droits de préemption ; vote cumulatif pour les administrateurs ; Quorum et vote des actionnaires ; indemnisation des administrateurs et Officiers 6-7 Constitution d'autres formes de sociétés Société professionnelle; Société à but non lucratif; Fermer Société par actions; Société à responsabilité limitée CHAPITRE 7 Réunions et actions de l'entreprise 6-8 Considérations pratiques Types de réunions Réunions d'organisation ; réunions des directeurs ; réunions des actionnaires Réunions Réunions d'organisation Exigences relatives aux réunions des administrateurs CHAPITRE 8 Modifications des statuts Constitution et statuts Réunions annuelles, spéciales et ordinaires; Lieu des réunions; Avis; Renonciation à l'avis; Procuration; Quorum et vote Exigences des assemblées d'actionnaires Assemblées annuelles et extraordinaires ; Lieu des réunions ; Établissement de la Date d'enregistrement ; Avis et renonciation à l'avis ; Procuration ; Quorum ; Vote des actions Autres procédures et types de réunions Documentation des activités menées lors des réunions Organisation du livre des procès-verbaux de la société Considérations pratiques Modifications des statuts Approbation du conseil d'administration ; pouvoir limité du conseil d'administration autoriser les modifications ; approbation des actionnaires ; préparation et dépôt des statuts de modification Formalités post-amendement Efficacité de l'amendement ; procédures post-amendement Certificat de constitution révisé Modification des statuts 8-5 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 9 Qualification des sociétés dans les juridictions étrangères 9-1 Sociétés étrangères Qu'est-ce que faire des affaires? 9-2 Certificat d'autorisation Demande de certificat d'autorisation; exigences de dépôt; Approbation du conseil d'administration ; dénomination sociale ; enregistrée Adresse et agent 9-3 Exigences de post-qualification 94 pénalités pour non-qualification Impôts et rapports annuels; Modification du certificat de Autorité; Fusion de la société étrangère; Publicité légale Retrait d'autorité Révocation d'autorisation Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 10 Financement de la Société 10-1 Capitalisation de la Société 10-2 Types de titres de sociétés Titres de participation; Titres de créance; Variations entre les titres de participation et la dette 10-3 Titres de participation Actions autorisées, émises et en circulation; Actions propres; Catégorie et série d’actions; valeur nominale et valeur marchande des actions; Émission de certificats d'actions ; contrepartie versée pour les actions 104 actions ordinaires Droits de vote ; droits de liquidation ; droits de dividende ; droit préférentiel de souscription Droits 10-5 actions privilégiées Droits de vote ; droits de liquidation ; droits de rachat et d'amortissement Fonds; Droits de conversion; Création d'actions privilégiées 10-6 Titres de créance Dette garantie et non garantie; Dette à court et à long terme 10-7 types de titres de créance 10-8 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 11 Dividendes et distributions des sociétés 11-1 Dividendes et distributions Autorisation de distribution; rachat par la société des actions 11-2 Sources de fonds pour la distribution sous forme de dividendes Bilan de la société ; sources de dividendes possibles Être déclaré; Restrictions de paiement 11-3 Dividendes en espèces et en biens Droit de recevoir des dividendes ; procédure de paiement ; comptabilité Procédures; implications fiscales 11-4 Dividendes par action Fractionnement des actions 11-5 11-6 Regroupement d'actions inversé 11-7 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 12 Réglementation des valeurs mobilières 12-1, 12-2, 12-3 Introduction au droit des valeurs mobilières 124 lois du ciel bleu Processus d'enregistrement; Exemptions d'enregistrement; Antifraude Dispositions et application 12-5 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 13 Fusion, échange d'actions, consolidation, et vente et achat d'actions et d'actifs 13-1 Changements structurels de l'entreprise 13-2 Fusion, échange d'actions et consolidation Fusion; Échange d'actions; Consolidation 13-3 Procédures de fusion, d'échange d'actions et de consolidation Plan de fusion; Plans d'échange d'actions et de consolidation; Approbation des administrateurs et des actionnaires ; dépôt statutaire Exigences 13-4 Vente et achat d'actions 13-5 Vente et achat d'actifs Loi sur les transferts en masse ; contrat d'achat d'actifs 13-6 Droits des actionnaires dissidents 13-7 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 14 Dissolution et liquidation 14-1 Dissolution et liquidation 14-2 Dissolution volontaire 14-3 Articles de dissolution 144 Procédures et exigences post-dissolution 14-5 Dissolution involontaire Dissolution judiciaire 14-6 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 15 accords d'actionnaires 15-1 Sociétés à capital fermé 15-2 Caractéristiques d'un pacte d'actionnaires 15-3 Restrictions sur le transfert d'actions Protection des intérêts des actionnaires ; Légende du certificat d'actions 15-4 Procédures de vente d'actions En vertu d'un pacte d'actionnaires 15-5 Mécanismes de fixation du prix des actions 15-6 Considérations pratiques
BASIC CORPORATE LAW AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
HELEWITZ , Jeffrey A.
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Enregistrement du nom; Dépôts réglementaires Responsabilité de l'entreprise individuelle Fiscalité de l'entreprise individuelle Résiliation de l'entreprise individuelle 16 considérations pratiques Préface Liste des figures CHAPITRE 1 Entreprise individuelle Formation et fonctionnement CHAPITRE 2 Société en nom collectif Caractéristiques Formation et fonctionnement L'accord de partenariat; l'enregistrement du nom; la réglementation Dépôts; Gestion de la société de personnes Propriété des biens de la société Responsabilité des associés Fiscalité des associés Répartition des bénéfices et des pertes Résiliation de la société en nom collectif 2-8 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 3 Société en commandite Caractéristiques 3-2 Formation et fonctionnement Certificat de société en commandite; La société en commandite Accord; Participation des associés à la gestion 3-3 Responsabilité des associés ht O par Glécome McGraw-Hill. Taxtim des Partes Changements dans les intérêts des partisans CHAPITRE 4 La société et autres formes de Organisations commerciales Résiliation de la société en commandite Considérations pratiques La Société Caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients, création statutaire et Pooers Types de sociétés Société commerciale; Société professionnelle; Organisme à but non lucratif Société; Société fermée 44 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 5 Société commerciale Autres formes d'organisations commerciales Société à responsabilité limitée; fiducie commerciale 5-1 Structure de propriété et de gestion Actionnaires; Administrateurs; Dirigeants 5-2 Responsabilité Fiscalité des sociétés Dissolution des sociétés 5-5 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 6 Formation des sociétés Exigences légales pour la constitution en société Procédures de dépôt 6-2 Activités et considérations préalables à la constitution Souscription d'actions ; État de constitution ; Nom de l'entreprise ; Nom fictif 6-3 Statuts constitutifs : dispositions statutaires 6-4 Statuts constitutifs : dispositions facultatives 6-5 Activités post-constitution Publicité légale ; considérations relatives au droit des valeurs mobilières 6-6 Statuts Nom de l'entreprise; Structure du capital; Agent enregistré et adresse; Fondateur Administrateurs initiaux ; Objectifs et pouvoirs de l'entreprise ; Période de Existence, droits de préemption ; vote cumulatif pour les administrateurs ; Quorum et vote des actionnaires ; indemnisation des administrateurs et Officiers 6-7 Constitution d'autres formes de sociétés Société professionnelle; Société à but non lucratif; Fermer Société par actions; Société à responsabilité limitée CHAPITRE 7 Réunions et actions de l'entreprise 6-8 Considérations pratiques Types de réunions Réunions d'organisation ; réunions des directeurs ; réunions des actionnaires Réunions Réunions d'organisation Exigences relatives aux réunions des administrateurs CHAPITRE 8 Modifications des statuts Constitution et statuts Réunions annuelles, spéciales et ordinaires; Lieu des réunions; Avis; Renonciation à l'avis; Procuration; Quorum et vote Exigences des assemblées d'actionnaires Assemblées annuelles et extraordinaires ; Lieu des réunions ; Établissement de la Date d'enregistrement ; Avis et renonciation à l'avis ; Procuration ; Quorum ; Vote des actions Autres procédures et types de réunions Documentation des activités menées lors des réunions Organisation du livre des procès-verbaux de la société Considérations pratiques Modifications des statuts Approbation du conseil d'administration ; pouvoir limité du conseil d'administration autoriser les modifications ; approbation des actionnaires ; préparation et dépôt des statuts de modification Formalités post-amendement Efficacité de l'amendement ; procédures post-amendement Certificat de constitution révisé Modification des statuts 8-5 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 9 Qualification des sociétés dans les juridictions étrangères 9-1 Sociétés étrangères Qu'est-ce que faire des affaires? 9-2 Certificat d'autorisation Demande de certificat d'autorisation; exigences de dépôt; Approbation du conseil d'administration ; dénomination sociale ; enregistrée Adresse et agent 9-3 Exigences de post-qualification 94 pénalités pour non-qualification Impôts et rapports annuels; Modification du certificat de Autorité; Fusion de la société étrangère; Publicité légale Retrait d'autorité Révocation d'autorisation Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 10 Financement de la Société 10-1 Capitalisation de la Société 10-2 Types de titres de sociétés Titres de participation; Titres de créance; Variations entre les titres de participation et la dette 10-3 Titres de participation Actions autorisées, émises et en circulation; Actions propres; Catégorie et série d’actions; valeur nominale et valeur marchande des actions; Émission de certificats d'actions ; contrepartie versée pour les actions 104 actions ordinaires Droits de vote ; droits de liquidation ; droits de dividende ; droit préférentiel de souscription Droits 10-5 actions privilégiées Droits de vote ; droits de liquidation ; droits de rachat et d'amortissement Fonds; Droits de conversion; Création d'actions privilégiées 10-6 Titres de créance Dette garantie et non garantie; Dette à court et à long terme 10-7 types de titres de créance 10-8 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 11 Dividendes et distributions des sociétés 11-1 Dividendes et distributions Autorisation de distribution; rachat par la société des actions 11-2 Sources de fonds pour la distribution sous forme de dividendes Bilan de la société ; sources de dividendes possibles Être déclaré; Restrictions de paiement 11-3 Dividendes en espèces et en biens Droit de recevoir des dividendes ; procédure de paiement ; comptabilité Procédures; implications fiscales 11-4 Dividendes par action Fractionnement des actions 11-5 11-6 Regroupement d'actions inversé 11-7 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 12 Réglementation des valeurs mobilières 12-1, 12-2, 12-3 Introduction au droit des valeurs mobilières 124 lois du ciel bleu Processus d'enregistrement; Exemptions d'enregistrement; Antifraude Dispositions et application 12-5 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 13 Fusion, échange d'actions, consolidation, et vente et achat d'actions et d'actifs 13-1 Changements structurels de l'entreprise 13-2 Fusion, échange d'actions et consolidation Fusion; Échange d'actions; Consolidation 13-3 Procédures de fusion, d'échange d'actions et de consolidation Plan de fusion; Plans d'échange d'actions et de consolidation; Approbation des administrateurs et des actionnaires ; dépôt statutaire Exigences 13-4 Vente et achat d'actions 13-5 Vente et achat d'actifs Loi sur les transferts en masse ; contrat d'achat d'actifs 13-6 Droits des actionnaires dissidents 13-7 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 14 Dissolution et liquidation 14-1 Dissolution et liquidation 14-2 Dissolution volontaire 14-3 Articles de dissolution 144 Procédures et exigences post-dissolution 14-5 Dissolution involontaire Dissolution judiciaire 14-6 Considérations pratiques CHAPITRE 15 accords d'actionnaires 15-1 Sociétés à capital fermé 15-2 Caractéristiques d'un pacte d'actionnaires 15-3 Restrictions sur le transfert d'actions Protection des intérêts des actionnaires ; Légende du certificat d'actions 15-4 Procédures de vente d'actions En vertu d'un pacte d'actionnaires 15-5 Mécanismes de fixation du prix des actions 15-6 Considérations pratiques
FILING AND COMPUTER DATABASE PROJECTS
Stewart , Jeffrey R
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PROJECT ONE: CARD FALING Alpahbetic filing of individual names Alpabetic filing of individual names Numeric filing Alpabetic filing of business and organisation names Alpabetic faling of business and organisation names Geographic filing Subject filig Project quiz PROJECT TWO: CORRESPONDANCE FILING Managing incoming and outgoing correspondance Alphabetic filing of correspondance Subject filing of correspondance FILING RULES MATERIALS FOR FILING PROJECTS Filing card Correspondance items 1-12 Cross-reference sheets Extra cross-Reference sheets Correspondance items Answer sheets PROJECT THREE: JACOBEN'S DEPARTMENT STORE Explore the customer file Make changes in the customer file Delete records from the customer file Practice indexing names Add Records to the customer file Retrieve information from customer records Retrieve information from the customer file Print customer information Project quiz PRIJECT FOUR: FIDELITY UNDERWRITERS, INC Explore the client file Make changes in the client file Delete records from the client file Retrieve information from tne client records Retrieve information from the client file Practice indexing names Add records to the client file Print client information Poject quiz PROJECT FIVE: NEW AGE OFFICE SUPPLY Explore the inventory file Record sales in the inventory file Records receipts in the inventory file Delete products from the inventory file Add product to the inventory file Make price and cost changes in the inventory file Retrieve inventory information Print inventory information PROJECT SIX: BURGER BARN Explore the employee information form Design the employee file Enter empliyee data Retrieve information from the employee file Update the employee file Print employee information
INTRODUCTION A LA MATHEMATIQUE FINANCIERE
JUSTENS, DANIEL, Jacqueline ROSOUX , ,
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RAPPELS MATHÉMATIQUES Fonctions exponentielles et logarithmiques Progressions Quelques notions élérnentaires en calcul numérique Propriétés de la moyenne arithmétique de puissances d'un nombre réel positif Réponses et corrections INTÉRET SIMPLE ET ESCOMPTE SIMPLE Définition de l'intérêt simple. Extension de la notion Utilisation de la table donnant le numéro de chaque jour à partir du ler janvier L'escompte simple. Notion d'actualisation. Equivalence des taux et des effets Remboursements partiels d'une dette Calcul du taux d'intérêt dans les ventes à Tempérament. Correction des exercices. Eléments de réponses et Réflexions. Annexe : l’intérêt simple en littérature INTÉRET COMPOSÉ. CAPITALISATION MIXTE. CAPITALISATION CONTINUE Valeur acquise d'un capital en fin de période, Valeur acquise en cours de période Taux proportionnels et taux équivalents RAPPELS MATHÉMATIQUES Fonctions exponentielles et logarithmiques. Progressions Quelques notions élérnentaires en calcul numérique. Propriétés de la moyenne arithmétique de puissances d'un nombre réel positif. Réponses et corrections INTÉRET SIMPLE ET ESCOMPTE SIMPLE : Définition de l'intérêt simple. Extension de la notion. Utilisation de la table donnant le numéro de chaque jour à partir du ler janvier. L'escompte simple Notion d'actualisation. Equivalence des taux et des effets Remboursements partiels d'une dette. Calcul du taux d'intérêt dans les ventes à Tempérament. Correction des exercices. Eléments de réponses et Réflexions. Annexe : l’intérêt simple en littérature INTÉRET COMPOSÉ. CAPITALISATION MIXTE. CAPITALISATION CONTINUE Valeur acquise d'un capital en fin de période, Valeur acquise en cours de période Taux proportionnels et taux équivalents. Capitalisation continue. Valeur actuelle d'un capital. Escompte à intérêt composé. Equivalence de deux ou plusieurs capitaux Correction des exercices : résultats numériques et éléments de réponses théoriques Capitalisation continue Valeur actuelle d'un capital. Escompte à intérêt composé Equivalence de deux ou plusieurs capitaux. Correction des exercices : résultats numériques et éléments de réponses théoriques. VALEUR ACTUELLE ET VALEUR ACOUISE D'UNE SUITE DE CAPITAUX Résultats préparatoires et notations Valeur actuelle et valeur acquise d’une suite de Capitaux égaux et équidistants dans le termine. Actualisation de flux continus de capitaux. Calcul du taux d'intérêt d’un emprunt rebroussé.par versements constants et équidistants. Calcul des taux de rendement et législation européenne Ventes à tempérament- Calcul du taux d’intérêt. Les emprunts à court terme La pratique des taux de chargement. Les prêts à deux taux. Valeur actuelle d'une succession de versements. équidistants en progression arithmétique Valeur actuelle d'une succession de versements.équidistants en progression géométrique. Valeur actuelle d'une succession de versements quelconques équidistants. Valeur acquise d'une suite de capitaux égaux et équidistants : calcul du taux Etude détaillée d'un cas concret. Applications et cas réels Applications de la notion d'actualisation au calcule la rentabilité des investissements Corrections et éléments de réponses TABLEAUX D'AMORTISSEMENTS Notations et résultats préliminaires dans le cas général Etude de certains cas particuliers Utilisation des notions d'usufruit et de nue-propriété Résolution de quelques cas particuliers Correction des exercices.
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
LARSON, MILLER , Kermit D., Paul B.W.
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1 Financial Statements and Accounting Principles Prologue: Your Introduction to Business, Accounting, and Ethics 2 Recording Transactions Processing Accounting Data Statements Contents in Brief 3 Adiusting the Accounts and Preparing the 4 The Work Sheet and the Closing Process 143 Accounting for Assets Appendix A: Recording Prepaid and Unearned Items in Income Statement Accounts 124 Appendix B:Reversing Entries 5 Accounting for Merchandising Activities 185 6 Accounting for Cash 222 7 Short-Term Investments and Receivables 257 8 Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold 294 9 Plant and Equipment 320 10 Natural Resources, Intangible Assets, and Long-Term Investments 348 Accounting for Liabilities 11 Current and Long-Term Liabilities 376 12 Installment Notes Payable and Bonds 419 Accounting for Owners' Equity 13 Corporations, Proprietorships, and Partnerships 459 14 Additional Corporate Transactions; Reporting Income and Retained Earnings, Earnings per Share Financial Statements, Interpretation and Modifications 15 Reporting and Using Cash Flows in Decision Making 537 16 Analyzing Financial Statements 573 Appendixes Accounting Principles, the FASB Conceptual Framework, and Alternative Valuation Methods D Special Journals 620 Present and Future Values: Financial Statements anmd Related Disclosures from Apple Computer, Inc.'s 1992 Annual Report 647 G Financial Statements (excluding footnotes) from the Annual Reports of Federal Express Corporation and Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Check Figures 685 List of Accounts Processing Accounting Data 2 Recording Transactions 57 The Accounting Process Business Transactions and Other Events 58 Source Docunments and Business Papers 58 Recording Information in the Accounts Asset Accounts 60 Liability Accounts Owner's Equity, Withdrawals, Revenue, and Expense Accounts 63 The Ledger and the Chart of Accounts Using T-Accounts 64 Calculating the Balance of an Account Debits and Credits 65 Using Debits and Credits in Double-Entry Accounting Examples of Debits and Credits 67 The General Journal 73 Accounts and the Accounting Equation 71 Transactions Are First Recorded in the Journal 71 Recording Transactions in a Gerneral Journal 73 Balance Column Accounts 75 Posting Journal Entries Preparing and Using the Trial Balance 78 The Information Provided by a Trial Balance Searching for and Correcting Errors 79 Correcting Errors Other Formatting Conventions 81 Using the Information-The Debt Ratio 81 The Adjusting Process 102 Prepaid Expenses 104 Depreciation 106 Unearned Revenues 107 3 Adjusting the Accounts and Preparing the Statements 100 Adjusting Specific Accounts 104 Accounting Periods and Fiscal Years Why Are the Accounts Adjusted at the End of an Accounting Period? 101 Accrual Basis Compared with Cash Basis Accounting 103 Accrued Expenses Accrued Reven ues 109 108 The Adịusted Trial Balance 110 Preparing Financial Statenents from the Adjusted Trial Balance Removing Acerued Assets and Liabilities from the Accounts 112 Accrued Expenses Accrued Revenue 113 Classifying Balance Sheet Items 113 Current Assets Investments 117 Plant and Equipment Intangible Assets Current Liabilities Long-Term Liabilities 118 Equity on the Balance Sheet 118 Single Proprietorships and Partnerships 118 Corporations 119 Alternative Balance Sheet Formats 119 Using Code Numbers for Accounts 119 Using the Information-The Current Ratio 120 Appendix A: Recording Prepaid and Unearned Items in Income Statement Accounts 124 4 The Work Sheet and the Closing Process 143 Using Work Sheets at the End of Accounting Periods 143 Why Study the Work Sheet? 144 Where Does the Work Sheet Fit into the Accounting Process? 144 Preparing the Work Sheet 144 Step 1-Enter the Unadjusted Trial Balance 144 Step 2-Enter the Adjustments and Prepare the Adjusted Trial Balance 145 Step 3Extend the Adjusted Trial Balance Amounts to the Financial Statement Columns 146 Step 4-Enter the Net Income (or Loss) and Balance the Financial Statement Columns 146 Step 5-Prepare the Financial Statements from the Work Sheet Information 147 Summary of the Advantages of Using a Work Sheet 148 Alternate Formats of the Work Sheet 148 Closing Entries 149 Sources of Closing Entry Information 151 The Post-Closing Trial Balance 152 Permanent (Rea) Accounts and Temporar (Nomina) Accounts I52 The Ledger for Clear Copy Co. Closing Enries for Corporations A Review of the Accounting Cycle A Pracical Point Using the InformationThe Profit Margin 159 Appendix B: Reversing Entries 5 Accounting for Merchandising Activities 185 The Nature of Merchandising Activities 185 Sales 187 Total Revenue from Sales 186 Sales Returns and Allowances 188 Measuring and Recording Merchandise Sales Discoun ts 188 Measuring Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 189 Periodic and Perpetual Inven tory Systems 190 Calculating the Cost of Goods Sold with a Periodic Inventory System 190 Debit and Credit Memoranda Inventory Shrinkage 197 Formats 197 Recording the Cost of Purchased Merchandise 192 Alternative Income Statement Companies 199 Closing Entries for Merchandising Step 1Record the Ending Inventory and Close the Termporary Accounts That Have Credit Baiances 200 Step 2-Remove the Beginning Inven tory and Close tne Terrzpporary Accounts That Have Debit Balences The Adjusting Entries 204 A Work Sheet for a Merchandising Company 202 The Closing Entries 204 Step 3-Close the Income Summary Account to the Oronsr's Capital Account 201 Step 4Close the Owner's Withdrawals Account to the Owner's Capital Account 202 The Adjusting Entry Approach to Recording the Change in the Merchandise Inventory Account 204 Using the Information--The Acid-Test Ratio 205 Accounting for Assets 6 Accounting for Cash 222 Liquidity Internal Control Clearly Establish Responsibilities 224 Maintain Adequate Records Insure Assets and Bond Key Employees 226 Separate Record-Keeping and Custody over Assets Divide Responsibility for Related Transactions Use Mechanical Devices Whenever Feasible 226 Perfornm Regular and Independent Reviews 22 Computers and Internal Control 226 Computers Reduce Processing Errors 226 Computers Allow More Extensive Testing of Records 226 Compu terized Systems May Limit Hard Evidence of Processing Steps 226 Separation of Duties Must Be Maintained 226 Internal Control for Cash Cash from Cash Sales 227 Cash Received through the Mail 228 Cash Disbursements 228 Purchase Requisition The Voucher System and Control 229 Purchase Order 230 Invoice 230 Receiving Report 230 The Voucher 231 Invoice Approval Form 231 The Voucher System and Expenses 232 The Petty Cash Fund 233 Illustration of a Petty Cash Fund 235 Cash Over and Short 236 Reconciling the Bank Balance 236 Need for Reconciling the Bank Balance 239 Steps in Reconciling the Bank Balance 240 Illustration of a Bank Reconciliation 2 Other Internal Control Procedures 24 Advantage of the Net Method 244 Using the Information-Days' Sales Uncollected 244