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PART II Preface Acknowledgments Introduction to Part I People and the Environment Natural Resource Consumption The Resource Consumption Issue; Social and Historical Patterns; Natural Resource Consumption and Development; Natural Resource Consumption and Environmental Degradation; Trade Patterns and Trends in Natural Resources; Re- sOurce Consumption Patterns and Implications: United States; Resource Con- sumption Patterns and Implications: India; Policy Implications. Population and the Environment Population Trends and Projections; Human Capital Formation; Human Impact on the Environment: A Long-Term Perspective; Frontier Migration; Coastal Develop- ment; Conclusion. Women and Sustainable Development History and Context; The Multiple Roles of Women; Barriers to Women's Full Participation; NWomen and Sustainable Development; Women's Initiatives in Natu- ral Resource Management; Conclusion. India Regional Focus China The Political and Economic Context; China's Natural Endowments; Energy: A Critical Issue; Future Energy Plans; Beyond Coal: Reducing Carbon Emissions; Major Resource and Environmental Problems; The Resource Base; Environmental Pollution; Rural Pollution; Global Issues: CFCs and CO:; Restoration Programs: Reforestation and Protected Areas. The Demographic and Social Landscape; The Political and Institutional Context: Environmental Conditions; Promising Initiatives; Development Chalenges. Conditions and Trends Food and Agriculture Conditions and Trends: Critical Issues: Yield Trends and sub-Saharan Africa, Focus on Pesticide Use In Developing Countries: The Developing World Pesticide Mar- ket; Why More Pesticides?, Subsidizing Pesticides; The Pesticide Treadmil; Envi- ronmental Costs of Pesticide Use; Human Health: The Growing Costs; Pesticide Alternatives; IPM in the Developing World; Encouraging the Switch; Focus On Biotechnology: The Biotech Toolbox; Biotech Barriers: Biosafety and Regulation; Biotechnology and the Developing World, Protecting Intellectual Property; Com- pensation for Genetic Resource Use; Building Third World Biotechnology; Biotech Tradeoffs: Keeping Perspective. Forests and Rangelands Conditions and Trends: New Global Forest Resource Assessments; Key Findings; merican Raneerate rorests; Institutional Developments; Focus On North Extentation and Use; Early Abuse of Rangeland; Monitoring Kange Conditions; Current Range Status; Reasons for Continued Range Decline; Vestock Grazing and Wildlife; Managing Livestock for Reduced Impact; Public Water Tropical Forests; Biodiversity Conditions and Trends: Key Issues, Biodiversity: What It Is, Why It Is Important; Threats to Biodiversity; P'rotecting Biodiversity; Focus On the Convention on Bio- logical Diversity: Key Issues; Trends In Biodiversity Protection; The Context for the Convention; Negotiation and Current Status of the Convention; Contentious Issues; Outlook. 12. Industry Energy Conditions and Trends: Energy Production and Consumption; Industrialized Coun- tries; Developing Countries; Energy Resources; Focus On Energy Prospects for Developing Nations: Energy Use in the Developing World; Energy Demand; A Costly Future; Improving Energy Efficiency; Improving Supply Technologies; Aggressive Development of Renewable Energy Sources; The Role of the Industrial- ized World; Sustainable Options for the Developing World: Selected Case Studies. Conditions and Trends: Global Trends; Legal Measures and Potential Conflict; Toxic Tides; Focus On Marine Fisheries: Peruvian Anchovy Fishery; New England Groundfish; One Solution for Peru and New England. Atmosphere and Climate Conditions and Trends: Urban Air pollution: The Megacities; Transboundary Air Pollution in Europe; Greenhouse Gases and Climate; Focus On Climate Change: State of the Science: Recent Evidence for Global Warming; Air Pollution and Atmospheric Dynamics: Cooling the Greenhouse; Ocean Circulation and Rapid Climate Shifts; Balarncing the Carbon Budget; Refining Greenhouse Projections: Climate Model Update; Continued Model Uncertainties. Toxification of the Environment by Industrial Activity; Toward Sustainable Practices. 13. International Institutions The Growing Role of International Environmental Governance; UNCED: Rhetoric or Action?; After Rio: Institutional Reforms; Other Institutional Developments; The Future of International Environmental Governance; Focus On Multilateral Funding for Sustainable Development: Failures of Multilateral Aid; The Global Environment Facility; The Future of Multilateral Aid; Beyond Aid. 14. National and Local Policies and Institutions Planning for the Future; Case 1: The Netherland's Plan--A Global First; Case 2: Environmental Planning in Chile; Case 3: Madagascar-Pioneering the Planning Process in Africa Kange: How Much Grazing?; Changing Range Perspectives; Ranch Economny in Transition. PART Iv Introduction to Part IV Water Basic Economnic Indicators Data Tables Population and Human Development Land Cover and Settlements Gross National and Domestic Product Estimates, 1980-91 Official Development Assistance and External Debt Indicators, 197991 Detense Expenditures, Military Personnel, and Refugees, 1985-92 WorldCommodity Indexes and Prices, 197592 International Trade Flows, 1965-90 Food and Agriculture Size and Growth of Population and Labor Force, 1950-2025 Trends in Births, Life Expectancy, Fertility, and Age Structure, 1970-95 Mortality and Nutrition, 1970-95 Access to Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Health Services, 1972-90 Education and Child Health, 1970-91 World's Women, 1970-92 Land Area and Use, 1979-91 Urban and Rural Populations, Transport, and Labor Force, 1965 95 Twenty-one Megacities Forests and Rangelands Food and Agricultural Production, 1980-92 Biodiversity Agricultural Inputs, 1979_91 Livestock Populations and Grain Consumed as Feed, 1972-92 Food Trade and Aid, 1979-91 Agricultural Productivity, Research Personnel, and Expenditures, 1961-90 Forest Resources, 1980-90 Tropical Forest Extent and Loss by Ecosystem Type, 1981-90 Wood Production and Trade, 1979-91 20.4 Globally Threatened Species: Mammals, Birds, and Higher Plants, 1990s 20.5 GIlobally Threatened Species: Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish, 1990s 20.6 Net Trade in Wildlife and Wildlife Products Reported by CITES, 1990 National Protection of Natural Areas, 1993 21. Energy and Materials International and Marine Protected Areas and Levels of Human Disturbance, 1993 Habitat Extent and Loss, 1980s 21.2 Energy Consumption, 1971-91 21.3 Reserves and Resources of Commercial Energy, 1990 21.4 Production, Consumption, and Reserves of Selected Metals, 1977-92 Value of Reserves of Major Metals, 1989 Industrial Waste in Selected Countries Commercial Energy Production, 1971-91 Freshwater Resources and Withdrawals 22.2 Major Lakes of the World 22.3 Wastewater Treatment, 1980-90 Atmosphere and Climate Marine Fisheries Yield and Estimated Potential Marine and Freshwater Catches, Aquaculture, and Fish Consumption Coastal Areas and Resources Mid-sized Oceanic Islands CO, Emissions from Industrial Processes, 1991 Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1991 A tmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse and Ozone-Depleting Gases, 1959-92 World CO, Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture, 1950-91 Policies and Institutions Sulfur and Nitrogen Emissions, 1970-91 Common Anthropogenic Pollutants, 1980-91 Participation in Major Global Conventions--Wildlife, Habitat, and Oceans, 1993 24.3 Sources of Environmental and Natural Resource Information, 1993 Participation in Major Global Conventions-Atmosphere and Hazardous Substances, 1993 Sources of Published Global and Regional Environmental Information, 1993 The United Nations System

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What is epidemiology?, measuring health and diseas, types of study, basic statics , causation in epidemiology, epidemiology and prevention,communicable diseas epidemiology, clinical epidemiology, environnemental and occupational epidemiology; helth service and health policy; continuing your education in epidemiology

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Table of Contents Pre-discOvering Your Destination Foreword Chapter | Chapter Il Planning an Expedition or Dive Operation Chapter Ill Chapter IV Choosing Equipment Clothed for Adventure Choosing a Team Personal Items Chapter Chapter VI Chapter VIl Cameras and Videos Medical Chapter VIll Creating an Image and Professionalism How to Pack Chapter X Customs and Forms Airports Renting a Vehicle Accommodations Chapter Xl Home and Advanced Supply Bases Chartering a Boat Dive Operations Cave and Wreck Diving Ice Diving High Altitude and Fresh Water Diving Emergency Situations Helpful Tips Check Lists Outboard Engine Spares and Consumables Basic Tool Kit Expanded Expedition Tool Kit Power Tool & Specialty Tool Kits: Power Tools Electrical Repair Kit SCUBA Repair Kit Inflatable Repair Kit Outboard Repair Kit Miscellaneous Consumables Basic Clothing Check List Personal Items Basic Photographic Tool Kit General First Aid Kit Recommended Non-prescription Drugs Primary Emergency Care Kit Recommended Prescription Drugs Inflatable/Small Boat Check List Recommend Vehicle Spares Camping Equipment Check List Emergency Global Emergency Assistance Appendices A Helpful Addresses B References & Recommended Books C Australian Underwater Oxygen Table DU.S. Navy Treatment Table 1A F Sample Release, Consent and Assumption of Risks E Sample Proforma G Sample Participant Release and Acknowledgment

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Alsace Auvergne Bourgogne Bretagne Centre Champagne-Ardenne Corse Franche-Comté Ile de France Languedoc-Roussillon Limousin Lorraine Midi-Pyrénées Nord pas de calais Basse Normandie Haute Normandie Pays de Loire Picardie Poitou Charentes Polynésie française Provence alpes cote d'Azur Rhône alpes

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Acknowledgements 1 Nutrients and how the body uses them 1I Introduction 12 What food is made of 1.3 Nutrients 1.4 Using nutrients to build tissues 1.5 Using nutricnts to produce energy 1.7 Using nutrients to protect the body Using nutrients to help chemical processes against infection 2. Carbohydrates, fats, and energy 2.1 Sugars and starches 2.2 Fibre 2.3 Fats 2.4 Fatty acids 2.5 Cholesterol and heart disease 2.6 Fat needs 2.7 Energy needs Energy for the basal metabolic rate 2.8 2.9 (BMR) Energy for activity 2.10 Daily energy needs 2.11 Additional energy nceds for women 2.12 Energy needs of children 3. Protein 3.1 Introduction Amino acids 3.3 Complete and incomplete proteins 34 How the body uses protein Protein needs 4. Micronutrients and water 1 Vitamins 4.3 Thiamine Vitamin A Ribotavin 45 Niacin Folate 4.7 Vitamin C 48 Vitamin D 49 Minerals 411 lodine 4.12 Calcium 4.13 Fluoride 4.14 Zinc 4.15 Sodium and potassium 4.16 Water 5. Foods 5.1 Types of food 5.2Staples 5.3 Legumes 5.4 Vegetables and fruit 5.5 Foods from animals 5.6 Oils and fats 5.7 Different kinds of milk 5.8 Sugar and sugary foods 5.9 Other foods 6. Food processing 6.1 What food processing mcans 6.2 Nutritional effects of processing 6.3 Drying 6.4 Milling 6.5 Fermenting 6.6 Germinating and malting 6.7 Canning and bottling 6.8 Fortification 6.9 Cooking 7. Keeping food safe and clean Safe and unsafe food How food and water bccome contaminated How to prevent food contamination How to keep food safe Whom to teach about keeping food clean Tapeworms Unsafe milk Toxins and chemicals 8. Preparing meals for the family Planning meals Helping families to have good mixed meals The 'mixed meal guide The mixture of foods to use The amounts of food that people need Meals and snacks The cost of meals and budgetin Finding oit sout the cost of food 92 The eosts of nutrients 93 Tallking to famnilies about budgeting And buying food 9.4 ow to caleulate and compare the cost of energy and nutrients in different foods 0.5 How to estimate the minimum cost of basie foods for a person or family for a week 10. Breastfeeding 10.1 Exclusive, partial, and token breastfeeding 10.2 The dangers of partial brcastfecding 10.3 Why breastmilk is a perfect food for ba Other advantages of brcastfeeding Hlow breastmilk varies How breastmilk is produced How a baby suckles 10.9 Starting breastfecding Watching a mother breastfecd her baby 10.8 10, 10 Continuing breastfeeding 10.11 What you can do to help mothers to brcastfeed 10,.12 Sustaining breastfeeding for two years 10.13 Common worries that a mother may necd reassurance about 10,14 Useful techniques to teach mothers 10.15 Incrcasing the milk supply relactation 10.16 Artificial milk feeds 10,17 Helping women who work away from home 10.18 Helping single mothers 10.19 When the baby's mother is dead 10.20 The problem of 'not enough milk' 10.21 Common breastfeeding problems 10.22 Babies with special nceds 10.23 When the mother is sick 10.24 Breastfeeding and a new pregnancy 10.25 Promoting breastfecding in the community 10.26 Understanding the local situation 10.27 How beliefs and attitudes affect breastfeeding 10.28 Commercial promotion of formula 11. Starting other foods 11.1 WNeaning VWhen to start other foods and 11.3 Hlow babies show that they are rea to start other food Why weaning is a dangerous time 11.5 Weaning foods 11.4 Using staples for weaning foods 11.7 The problem of bulky foods 11.6 11.8 How to overcome the problem of bulky weaning foods 11.9 Feeding young children family foods 11.10 Good snacks for young children 11.11 Commercial weaning foods 11,12 Fceding babies at about 6 months 11.13 Feeding babies from 6-12 months 11.14 Feeding children from 1-3 years 11.15 Sustaining breastfeeding 11.16 Stopping breastfeeding 11.17 Children who 'refuse' to eat solid fooe 11.18 Feeding young children aged 3-5 yean 11.19 Keeping weaning foods clean and safe 12. Feeding older children and adults 12.1 Nutrient needs of school-age children 12.2 School-age children at special risk of undernutrition 12.3 The food needs of school-age children 12.4 Children with special food needs 12.5 Food needs of adults 12.6 Special nutrient needs of women 12.8 Men's nutrition needs Meals for women 12.7 12.10 How to help old people Special needs of old people 12.9 Feeding sick people, especially children Why sick people need food VWhy a sick child may not eat enougn What families need to know about feeding sick children 13.4 Feeding children with diarrhoca and vomiting Feeding a child during recovery rom illness Sick older children, adults, and old 13.7 People with HIV infection and people AIDS 14. Growth and development Children's size and growth Development Variation in height and weight Growth charts 14.5 The reference weights and the range of healthy weights How the reference curve shows growth How a growth chart shows whethera child is well nourished or not Different shapes of growth line 14.9 Filling in a growth chart 14.8 14.10 If you do not know a child's date of birth 14.11 Some common mistakes with growth charts 14.12 Scales for weighing children 14.13 How to weigh a child 14.14 Some common problems with weighing scales 14.15 Growth in height 14.16 Thinness and fatness 14.17 Measuring weight-for-height 14.18 Measuring the mid-upper arm circumference or MUAC 15. Using growth charts to help families 15.1 Planning growth monitoring What to do the first time that you weigh a child 15.3 What to do at each visit 15.4 What to look for in the child's growth line What to discuss with the child's family 15.5 15.6 Growth failure at different ages 15.7 Children who are losing weight 15.8 Regaining lost weight 15,9 Gaining weight faster than the reference curves 16. Undernutrition in children 16.1 Protein-energy malnutrition 16.2 The effects of undernutrition 16.3 How malnutrition and infection make each other worse 16,4 Recognizing malnutrition before it becomes severe 16.5 Undernutrition in children of ages different 16.6 Growth failure before birth 16.7 Different kinds of growth failure before birth 16.8 Undernutrition in babies aged 0-6 months months 16.9 Undernutrition in babies aged 6-12 16.10 Undernutrition in children aged 1-3 years 16.11 Undernutrition from 3-5 years of age 16,12 Worm infection and nutrition 16.13 Preventing and treating worm infection 17. Severe protein-energy malnutrition 17.1 Marasmus 17.2 Kwashiorkor 17.3 Marasmic kwashiorkor 17.4 Dangers and complications of marasmus and kwashiorkor 17.5 Management of severe malnutrition in children 17.6 Learning about a child and her family 17.7 What it is useful to learn later 17.8 Medical treatment 17.9 The phases of recovery 17.10 Appropriate feeds 17.11 Fceding the child 17.12 Micronutrients 17.13 Choice of dietary treatment 17.14 Monitoring recovery 17.15 Social and emotional care 17.16 Helping mothers to learn in hospital 17.17 Talking to other members of the family 17.18 Follow up-continuing care at home 17.19 What to do on a follow-up visit 18. Undernutrition in women 18.1 The stories of two women 18.2 How women become undernourished 18.3 Weight gain during pregnancy 18.4 How undernutrition affects pregnancy and childbirth 18.5 Lactation in undernourished women Women who have too many births too close together The cycle of undernutrition in women Women who are sick or disabled How to prevent undernutrition in women 18.10 How Community Health Workers (CHWS) might help 18,11 How other health workers can help 19. Vitamin A and other vitamin deficiencies Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) People who are at special risk of VA What you can do about VAD Knowing how important VAD is in the community Watching over children at special rish Recognizing the warning signs of xerophthalmia 19.7 Treaing or referring chtlren with or at high risk of xerophthalmia 19.8 Helping to prevent VAD VAD anong refugees and displaced people in camps Monitoring and evaluating VAD prevention prOgrammes Thiamine deficiency-beriberi 19. 12 Niacin deficiencypellagra 19.13 Vitamin C deficiency 19.14 Vitamin D deficiency Nutritional anaemia 20.1 What anaemia is 20.2 Why nutritional anaemia is important 20.3 Signs and symptoms of anaemia 20.4 C0.5 Finding out if someone is anaemic How nutritional anaemia develops 0.6 Groups who are 'at risk' of nutritional anaemia What you can do about nutritional anaemia Taking iron and folate tablets ).7 .8 dine deficiency disorders .1 Causes of iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDS) .3 Goitre .4 Hypothyroidism 5 Cretinism 6 Why IDDS are important How to assess the severity of IDDS 7 8 in an area Prevention and treatment of IDDS What a nutrition worker can do to help prevent IDDS ernutrition and related disorders Obesity Why being overweight matters Why people become obese Why more people are overweight now than in the past People who are at risk of obesity Children who are obese Other conditions related to Overnutrition How to prevent obesity and related disorders How to help people lose weight Tooth decay and gum disease 22.11 The cause of tooth decay and gum 22.12 How to prevent tooth disease 22.13 Building healthy teeth and gums decay ad gun disease 23. The food paths 23.1 What is a food path? Things that alter the amounts of for travelling along food paths 23.3 Different stages on the food path 23.2 23.4 Blocks to food production by family farmers Increasing food production 23.6 On-farm food storage and preservation 23.5 23.7 Commercial storage, distribution, and marketing 23.8 Blocks to buying food 23.9 Helping people to buy enough 23.10 Food preparation food 23.11 Blocks to eating enough 23.12 Ways to help people eat enough 23.13 Using food in the body 23.14 Basic causes of blocks on the food paths 23.15 Women and the food path 23.16 Why women need support and training 3 23.17 How to help women 24. Nutrition and the environment 24.1 Nutrition, the environment, and the soil How the environment is being damaged Nutrition and trees 24.5 How to help preserve trees and forests Nutrition, family size, and population 24.4 growth How family size affects the food path 24.6 24.7 24.8 How an increasing population blocks the food path Discussing family size, population, and nutrition 24.9 Home gardens 24.10 The types of food that gardens provide 24.11 Gardens in towns 24.12 Problems to consider when planning gardens 24.13 Traditional gardens 24.14 Improving gardens 25. Food security 'Food security' and 'food and nutritio surveillance' 25.2 Food security Food and nutrition surveillance (FNS) Collecting and reporting data for FNS 25.7 Nutrition workers and FNS systems 25.8 Simple nutrition surveys Analysing data Actions to improve food security 6. Working with communities Learning about your community How to learn about a community What you need to learn about a community Learning about malnourished and 'at risk' families Finding families who are malnourished or 'at risk Finding individual malnourished or 'at risk' families Watching over' and helping families at risk Co-operating with other worker Working with groups in the community Problem-solving with community groups 26.11 How to help groups to discuss a problem 359 26.12 Things to remember when you work with community gr Working with families 27.1 27.1 Working with undernourished and 'at risk' families Visiting a family at home Helping the family to solve their nutrition problems Recording and following up the family Helping people in places other than their homes Checklist of questions on family nutrition Helping people to learn about nutrition 28.1 Nutrition education Problems with nutrition education in 28.2 the past 28.3 Making nutrition education more effective Facts for nutrition educatio Choosing nutrition facts which are important for your area Developing messages Spreading a message 28.8 Talking to individuals and families Talking with small groups 28.9 28.10 Talking to large groups 28.12 Materials to help people learn about 28.11 Mass media nutrition Group feeding programmes 29.1 What group feeding programmes do 29.2 Feeding 'vulnerable groups' Primary school feeding Emergency feeding Food for work 29.6 Activities of group feeding programmes Programme planning Choosing people for feeding 29.10 Distributing food 29.7 29.8 29.9 Supervision 29.11 Evaluation Nutrition in school Why nutrition in schools is important Nutrition activities in schools Food at school School health programmes School food production Training for nutrition 31.1 Planning and evaluating training 31.2 Steps in nutrition training 31.3 Relating training to trainees' needs 31.4 Training methods and learning aids Appendices Appendices 1 Food composition tables 2 Energy and nutrient needs 3 Useful sources of energy and nutrients 4 Calculating nutrients in foods 5 Anthropometric reference values Sources of reference and teaching materials

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VOLUME II: THE HUMANITIES AND THE MODERN WORLD PART FIVE Renaissance and Reformation: A Fusion of Roots Humanism and the Early Italian Renaissance Art, Architecture, and Music in Florence The End of the Florentine Renaissance: Machiavelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael The Northern Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation PART SIX Science and Splendor: The Seventeenth Century The Consolidation of Modernity The Baroque Style in the Arts Two Masterpieces of Baroque Music: Handel's Messiah and Bach's Christmas Oratorio The Arts at the Court of Louis XIV PART SEVEN Reason, Revolution, Romanticism: The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The European Enlightenment The Enlightenment in the United States The Classical Style in Music, the Development of Opera, and Mozart's Don Giovanni Romanticism: Revolution, Individualism, Nature, and Love PART EIGHT Industrialism and the Humanities: The Middle and Late Nineteenth Century The Industrial Revolution and New Social Thought Art and Literature in the Industrial World: Realism and Beyond PART NINE Discontinuities: The Early Twentieth Century A Culture in Self-Doubt Modernism in the Visual Arts Modernism in Music, Dance, and Literature New Americans on the World Cultural Scene: The Rise of African American and Latin American Cultures PART TEN Cultural Plurality: The Middle and Late Twentieth Century Absurdity and Alienation: The Second World War and the Postwar Period Toward a Postmodern Culture