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Map 1. The development of early society - Dryopithecus to Rome Map 2. One Geographic features Map 3.The Neolithic in Africa Map 4. Early man in Africa Map 5. The Iron Age and Bantu migrations Map 6. Egypt, Kush, and Meroë Map 7. Carthage and Rome in North Africa Map 8. Two Islam and the Western Sudan in 1800 Map 9. The expansion of Islam in North Africa Map 10. Negro people of the Western Sudan Map 11. Trans-Saharan trade routes Map 12. The kingdom of Ghana Map 13. The Almoravids Map 14. Successor states of the Western Sudan Map 15.Other Sudanic states Map 16. Mali Map 17. Songhai Map 18. The Mossi states Map 19. The Hausa city-states Map 20. Kanem-Bornu Map 21. The Akan states of the Gold Coast Map 22. Three Forest states of the Guinea Coast Map 23. The Wolof of the Senegambia Map 24. The kingdom of Dahomey Map 25. Yorubaland and Benin The ljo, Ibibio, and Ibo Four Europeans in Wost Africa The Portuguose truding monopoly, 1434-1650 Eighteenth-contury antislavry movoments The period of rivalry, 1650 1703 The methodology of tho slave trado Volume and oflects of the sluvo trade Trading aroas of Wost Afriea Five Central Africa Bantu empiros in the Rhodesias Luba-Lunda kingdoms Lake Malawi peoples "The Portuguese nnd the kingdom of Kongo The kingdom of Kongo The Porluguese and Angola The Porluguese and Mozambique Six South Africa The Bushmen and Hotlentots Europeans in southern Africa The southern Bantu Geographic setting Seven East Afric Introduction to migrations and settlement Restoration of Arab hegemony over the coast Early movements into Uganda Movement of peoples and settlement The kingdom of Buganda The Zenji states through 1500 in Kenya and Tanzania The Portuguese interlude Eight Northeastern Africa seventh through sixteenth centuries The founding and development of Axum The Somali and Galla Ethiopi The rise of Gondar and the breakup of the empire Arab activities in the Sudan The Funj empire The Fur sultanate Selected bibliography İndex List of Maps Highlands and Mountains Language Families According to Greenberg Patterns of Bantu Expansion Based on Mesolithic and Neolithic Africa Guthrie's Investigations Climatic Regions Pleistocene Fossils Roman North Africa, about A.D. Ancient Egypt, Nubia, and Kush North African Empires Western Sudan, about 1332 Major States of the Major West African States in the Seventeenth Century Eighteenth-Century Gold Coast Eighteenth-Century Dahomey Niger Coast, Eighteenth Century The Triangular Trad West African Slave-Trading Areas, 1800 Vakaranga and Monomotapa Kingdoms Reconstructed Patterns of Movement of Bantu in Central Africa, 1500-1800 Peoples of Angola, Seventeenth Century Peoples of South Africa Peoples of East Africa, with Approximate Movement of Nilotes into East Africa Expansion of Cape Frontier Direction of Migrations Expansion and Contraction of Ethiopia Kingdoms of the Funj and Fur

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Early Stirrings Perception torn from thinking, 2. The senses nmis- trusted, 4. Plato of tvo minds, 6. Aristotle from below and fromn abore, 8. 13 2. The Intelligence of Perception (i) Perception as cognition, 13. Perception circum- sCribed, 15. Exploring the remote, 17. The senses ary, 17. Vision is selectire, 19. Fixation soh'es a problen, 23. Discernment in depth, 26. Shapes are concepts, 27. Perception takes time, 29. How mna- chines read shape, 31. Completing the incomplete, 33. 37 Subtracting the context, 37. Brightness and shape as 3. The Intelligence of Perception (ii) Such, 40. Three attitudes, 43. Keeping the context, 46. The abstraction of shape, 47. Distortion calls for abstraction, 51. Pernnanence and change. 52. 54 4: Two and Two Together Relations depend on struCture, 54. Pairing affects the partners, 60. Perception discriminates, 65. Per- Ception compares, 66. What looks alike? 69. Mind versus Computer, 72. S. The Past in the Prescnt mented, N4. To sce te nude. K7. J Isible gups, A4 Reognıtlon, 9). 97 Whut ure mentul imiges Ike 98. (un one think HiIhoul images'00. Purti ulur and genrl ImRr s 102. Iis ual hints and fl shes. l)7. Hon uhtra ( an an imagc he' l (09. 6. The Images of Thought |16 117. A pi torial Ckample. I8. Eperiments th druvings, 12). Thouh in sihle Ahstrat Retres, ucon, /29. 7. Concepts Take Shape I35 1vee fun tion of images, 135. Imuges to it tleir uncions, 140. W hat trademarks cun tell, I44. Epeine nteracting irith ideus, 148. Two scales of ubsrucion, /50. 8. Pictures, Symbols, and Signs 153 A harmțul dic hotomy, 154. Abstraction based on Lenerali:ation? 157. Generality comes first. l63. Sampling veras ubstraction, 169. 9. What Abstraction Is Not 173 178. Concepts as highspots, 182. (On gen- Types and containers. 174. Stutic and dvnamic con- eralization, 186. cepls. 10. What Abstraction Is 188 Abstraclion as withdruwal, 188. The extration of principle, 191. Aguinst the grain, 194. In kve with clussifution, 199, In touch wiih eperience, 202. |. With Feet on the Ground 208 12. Thinking With Pure Shapes Numbers reflect life, 208. Quantities perceived, 211. Numbers as visible shapes, 213. Meaningless shapes make trouble, 217. Self-evident geometry, 222. 13. Words in Their Place 226 Can one think in words? 227. Words as images, 229, Words point to percepts, 232. Intuitive and intel- lectual cognition, 233. What words do for images, 238. The imagery of logical links, 240. Language overrated, 242. The effect of linearity, 246. Verbal versus pictorial concepts, 251. 254 14. Art and Thought Thinking in children's drawings, 255. Personal problemns worked out, 260. Cognitive operations, 263. Abstract patterns in visual art, 269. 274 Cosmological shapes, 274. The nonvisual made visi- ble, 280. Models have limits, 282. Figure and ground and beyond, 283. Infinity and the sphere, 287. The stretch of imagination, 290. 15. Models for Theory 294 What is art for? 295. Pictures as propositions, 296. standing, 301. How illustrations teach, 305. Problems Standard images and art, 299. Looking and under- of visual aid, 308. Focus on function, 313. The burden of it all, 315. 16. Vision in Education 317 325 339 Bibliography Notes Index

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TABLE DES MATIÈRES PREFACE 1 PAYS DE CONTRADICTIONS 2 LA SOCIẾTÉ JAPONAISE CONTES DAMOURE OC 3 L'ERE DU SAMURAI DU ELERE 4 MOINES ET GUERRIERS 5 LE PAYS EN GUERRE 6 UN PEUPLE AUX ÉTRANGES COUTUMES 7 L'UNIFCATION DU PAYS 8 UN JAPON FERMÉ

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PRÉFACE LE ROYAUME DU MILIEU CET AGE DU BRONZE FUT UN AGE D'OR LE CONTRASTE SOCIAL SEIGNEURS ET PAYSANS DES RÉGONS FRONTALIÈRES LES VOIES DU SACRÉ LA STATUAIRE BOUDDHIQUE LES FLS DU CIEL LES VERTUS FÉMININES LA CONCEPTION DE L'UNIVERS LE LANGAGE DE LA PEINTURE DÉCOUVERTES ET INVENTIONS L'ART DE L'IMPRIMERIE LE PATRIMOINE DU LANGAGE LA POÉSIE DES PAYSAGES LA CHINE ET LE MONDE LA SPLENDEUR DES TANG CHRONOLOGIE BIBLIOGRAPHIE ET SOURCES DES CITATIONS RÉFÉRENCES ARTISTIQUES ET SOURCES DES ILLUSTRATIONS REMERCIEMENTS

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INTRODUCTION L'HÉGÉMONIE DE L'OCCIDENT L'ALBUM DU COLONLAL LES LUMIÈRES s'ÉTEIGNENT UNE GUERRE QUI NE FUT NI FRAICHE, NI JOYEUSE LA «GRANDE CRISE » «LINDBERGH EST A PARIS!» LE MONDE EN GUERRE UN CRIME INEFFAÇABLE L'ÉVEIL DES JEUNES NATIONS «DÉTRUIRE LE VIEUX MONDE POUR EN CONSTRUIRE UN NOUVEAU » LE NOUVEL ÉQUILIBRE DES PUISSANCEs LE MONDE DE L'ART MODERNE ÉPILOGUE: LE RÊVE D'UNE CULTURE MONDIALE par William H. McNeill RÉFÉRENCES ARTISTIQUES ET SOURCES DES ILLUSTRATIONS, REMERCIEMENTS INDEX

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Mythes et idées fausses En explorant lUnivers . Planètes, météorites ct comètes Biographie du Soleil. Notre galaxie Naissance et mort des étoiles Par-delà la Voix Lactée . L'espace, le temps et l'Univers