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Kingdom's Heart: An Introduction to the Knights of Arrethtrae Prologue: The Shadow of a Heart Chapter 1: The Piercing Shadow Chapter 2: Newcomers Chapter 3: The Seed Chapter 4: The Qualm Chapter 5: A Visit Home Chapter 6: The Attack Chapter 7: The Capture Chapter 8: The Prison of Distazo Chapter 9: A Desperate Plan Chapter 10: Fleeing the Dark Chapter 11: Return to Time Chapter 12: The Mysterious Mister Sejus Chapter 13: A Place of Beginnings Chapter 14: Dividing the Code Chapter 15: Sir Dalton, Knight of the Prince. Chapter 16: Back from the Dead Chapter 17: Death Ravens Chapter 18: The Sword and Its Knight Chapter 19: A Warrior's Blade Chapter 20: The Journey Home Chapter 21: Love Lost Epilogue: Standing Firm Discussion Questions Answers to Discussion Questions The Shadow Heart" (written for Sir Dalton and the Shadow Heart) Author Commentary

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CHAPTER I 1. LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER II DEFINITE ARTICLE 2. Article "NY". INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND OMISSION OF ARTICLES 3. Article "NY" omitted PERSONAL ARTICLES 4. Article "I". 5. Article "RA". 6. Article "AN" 7. Article "ANDRIA". 8. Article "RY". 9. Articles LAY, ILAY, LAHY, LEHY, ILEHY, ILEHIRY, ILEHITY... CHAPTER III PERSONAL PRONOUNS 10. (a) All nominative case pronouns (agent of active) begin with letter "i".. (b) All accusative (direct object) and possessive cases pronouns beginwith letter "a". (c) When these pronouns are suffixed to root form (1) Possessive case (2) Ablative (agent of passive and relative) cases (3) Dative case (indirect object) (d) Reflexive pronoun (e) Reciprocal forms (f) Intimate pronouns 11. Root words composed with more than two syllables and ending in syllables KA, TRA, ΝΑ CHAPTER IV DEMONSTRATIVE / LOCATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 12. They are used to demonstrate.... (a) The most common demonstrative particles beginning with "a", "i","e", infix "t, ts, n. r". (b) The demonstrative particles can be translated by there, this...... VISIBLE DISTANCE, UNSEEN DISTANCE (c) They are used ....to smooth the demonstrative impact (d) Present. Past. Future. Gender. Number. Vague. (e) Use of "faha". (f) Use of "ho", or "no ho". (g) Use of "mank" and particularity of "any". (h) Remark (i) When demonstrative particles are repeated (j) The use of demonstrative/locative particles with relative verbs (k) The case of "izay". INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES 13. Used as substitutes to persons, animals, inanimate (a) They to not make distinction of number and gender. (b) "IZA" ?-ZOVY? (c) INONA? (d) Intercalation of "no". (e) Possessive. (f) Place "An'inona". (g) Do not confuse with "aninona, haninona (h) Doubling the interrogatives and using particles "na", "sa" CHAPTER V ROOTS and VERBS 14. The key to the Malagasy language is the verb, the key to the verb is the root THE ROOTS may be (a) a simple active or passive verb, a substantive, an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection (b) secondary roots (c) From a root, may derive a multiplicity of noun and verbal forms, compound substantive, substantive composed of many elements, substantive of usual manner or an agent substantive, an adjective 15. VERBS: SIMPLE STRUTURE (a) The verbal root does not change form whatever the person and the number of the subject (b) The personal pronouns are the elements in which we determine person an number of subjects (c) Auxiliary verbs like "to be", " to have", "to do" and their derivatives do not exist in Malagasy. There is no verb "to be". (d) Tenses of verbs: Three tenses are used in Malagasy 16. ACTIVE VERBS (a) Active verbs: transitive, beginning with "m", "mi", "ma", "man". 16 (a)(1): "M", "Mi" suffixed to roots 16 (a) (2): "Ma", "Mam", "Man" suffixed to roots beginning. with vowels a, e, i, o and consonants b, d,, g, j, n (b) Active verbs: Intransitive. Sometimes begin with "mi", "mian", "miha", "mitan", except "tonga", "tamy", "avy". "Ma", "man", "mana", "mank", "manka", "maha". 16 (b)(1): "M", "Mi" forming active intransitive verbs (c) "Ma", "Mam", "Man" form active intransitive verbs 16 (c)(1): Most consonants at the beginning of a root are dropped 16 (c)(2): "M", "Mi", "Man" prefixed to roots beginning with vowels or with consonants d, g, j... 16 (c)(3): Roots beginning with "h".. 16 (c)(4): Roots beginning with "l, r, z:..." changes to d, dr, j, k... 16 (c) (5): With "Man", one must drop s, t at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(6): "Man" becomes "Mam", when f, and p drop at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(7): "Ma" is only suffixed to roots beginning with m or n. 16 (c)(8): Sometimes "Man" becomes "Mam" when taking the place of v, or b, at the beginning of a root (d) Derivatives form "ma" and "mi" 16 (d)(1): Derivatives "mana", "mian", "miank", "miants", "mitan".. 16 (d)(2): Derivatives suffixes are developed later (sec. 18>>18c 17. INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES. (a) The negative form is obtained with use of "tsy". Negative imperative "aza + active verb.. (b) Interrogative from "moa", "ve", "moa...ve" (c) The negative-Interrogative form "Tsy....ve?". "Moa...tsy" (d) The Gerundive form (verbal substantive). (e) The progressive and frequentative forms. Use of adverb "mbola" The simple progressive introduced with prefix "miha" (f) The Reflexive form, use of reflexive pronoun "tena".. (g) Equivalent of defective or auxiliary verbs afaka, mety, sahy, mila, aoka, tokony, tsy maintsy, azo, mahazo, tia (ta-, te-), misy (h) Impersonal verbs preceded by "ny", or negative "ny tsy". (i) Ellipse verbs does not exist (j) Emphatic form use particles dia, no, tokoa, tena, indrindra, manko/mantsy. (k) The conditional form is obtained with use of "raha".. (1) The Duplicative form of all forms is developed below (Sec. 26(a)(5). 18. MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES (a) PROGRESSIVE FORM: Prefix "miha". (b) CAUSATIVE FORM (c) RECIPROCAL FORM (d) CAUSATIVE-RECIPROCAL (e) RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE CHAPTER VI COMPLEX STRUCTURES. PASSIVE FORMS 19. The complements to the verbs become subjects or predicates to the action (a) May be obtained by adjoining prefixes or suffixes to... - 19 (a)(1): Use of the prefixes "tafa", "voa" 19 (a)(2): Use of prefixes "a". 19 (a)(3): Root passives. Use of suffixes "ina", "ana" 19 (a)(4): Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na". Use of suffixe "na". Use of suffix "ena" 19 (a)(4): Passives from causative Passive from reciprocal Passive from causative-reciprocal Passive from reciprocal-causative Note: Abstract nouns obtained from relative verbs cannot (a)(5): Passive with use of "infixes" -in-, -si, z- Note: All passive forms may be [u in pas, present and future IMPERATIVE VERBS 20. FORMATION OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE (a): The active imperative. (b): One of the consonants f, m, s, v, z may be inserted before the final imperative "a". (c): Active verbs ending with "y" should be "ia" in the imperative form. "ia" contracts to "e" (d): Active verbs from root ending with "y" : add to their final syllable "a" to obtain an active imperative form (e): Active verbs with final "ka", "tra", "na", "ny": the letter "k" changes to "h". Letters "t" and "r" may drop. Accent shift to... (f): The active imperative is only followed by one or two accusative and cannot be suffixed with a personal pronoun (g): USE OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 21. (a): FORMATION OF PASSIVE IMPERATIVES Non-accented letters "a", "o", "y" or accented "e" on the final syllable of a passive verbs, adjectives, or shifting the accent... FORMATION RULE (b): Substitute letter "o", "y", or "oy" to final suffixes "ana", "ina", "ena... (c): Keep passive prefixes "a" and the passive form, substitute "o", "y", "oy" to final passive "ina", "ana", "ena". Some rule may supply... (d): Accent on final "a". Or add final "a" root noun / adjective ending with "o", "у". Or shift accent to pre-final syllable (e): When final imperative "e" is the contracted form of "ia", infix "s, v, z, f" is introduced (f): Add non-accented letters "y", "o", or "a"; letters "s, v, z, f' may be infixed to root noun /adjective ending with "a". (g): Imperative Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na".. (h): Add at the end neutral or appropriate personal pronouns followed by the eventual accusative complement (i): Use of the imperative-passive. Add "mba" or "mba...kely", "aoka".. (j): Perfective Passive prefixes "voa" and "tafa". (a): Active and passive imperative of the following forms: causative, causative-reciprocal, reciprocal-causative forms 22 (a)(1): Simple forms. Active, passive, imperative, relative 22 (a)(2): Rules to form causative-imperative 22 (a)(3): Rules to form the reciprocal-active-imperative 22 (a)(4): Rules to form the causative-reciprocal active imperative 22 (a)(5): Rules to form the reciprocal-causative imperative 22 (a)(6): Rules to form relative forms: Drop "m" of the active voice, add the eventual infix "s", and end with "ana"АМЯОЧ Change prefix "an" with causative "amp", reciprocal "ifan", causative-reciprocal "ampi", and reciprocal-causative "ampifamp".. Note: Active relative and passive relative are the same in all cases and end with "ana"; a shift of accent.... 23. NEGATIVE-IMPERATIVE. "Aza" is placed before the verb, the root verb and root adjective, in all prohibitive forms (a): The circumstances in which action is accomplished can be a matter positive and negative imperative (b): When the prohibitive "aza" is used 24. USE OF THE RELATIVE FORM The relative voice is used in TWELVE cases. Neutral, future and past tenses... 24 (a)(1): Relation of TIME 24 (a)(2): Relation of PLACE 24 (a)(3): Relation of MANNER 24 (a)(4): Relation of INSTRUMENT. 24 (a)(5): Relation of REASON-OCCASION-CAUSE..... 24 (a)(6): Relation of REASON-GOAL-PURPOSE 24 (a)(7): Relation of PRICE 24 (a)(8): PERSON FOR/FROM WHOM, THING FOR/FROM WHICH 24 (a)(9): PARTITIVE RELATION to 24 (a)(10): PASSIVE RELATION, NEUTRAL TENSE..... 24 (a)(11): NY + RELATIVE = an abstract or a verbal noun 24(a)(12): EQUIVALENCE WITH ENGLISH GERUNDIVE.... 24(a)(13): THE IMPERATIVE RELATIVE: Rule CHAPTER VII 25. NOUNS. (a): Are nouns, or have the value of common nouns. 25 (a)(1): There is no distinction of gender for Malagasy nouns 25 (2)(2): There are neither prefixes nor suffixes to mark the plural (b): Nouns from all verbal forms preceded by appropriate prefixes 25 (b)(1): Nouns from active verbs 25 (b)(2): Nouns from active causative verbs 25 (b)(3): Nouns from active reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(4): Nouns from active causative-reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(5): Nouns from relative forms of verbs, preceded with "f, fa, fan, fi, faha" and ending with "ana". 25 (b)(6): Adjectives and nouns from relative forms of verbs preceded by "ha, faha" and ending with "ana" to express an abstract meaning, a status of being 25 (b)(7): Nouns formed from root ending with relative suffix "ana, ena". 25 (b)(8): A nouns may be adjoined to another noun to form a compounded noun with an apposition or a genitive sense 25 (b)(9): Nouns of persons: all personal names have some distinct meaning 25 (b)(10): Nouns of place: all names have some distinct meaning CHAPTER VII 26. ADJECTIVES 26 (a)(1): There are three sorts of adjectives: root adjectives, participles and passive verbs, composed adjectives formed with the root preceded by prefixes "m,ma" or root ending with suffixes "ana, ina, ena". 26 (a)(2): An adjective may play the role of-an epithet, an attribute, an adjective of material... 26 (a)(3): When a adjective precedes a noun Vдтя not introduced by "ny", it may be used as an attribute or an epithet 26 (a)(4): Tenses in adjectives 26 (a)(5): Reduplicated form. 26 (a)(6): Adjectives of color 26 (a)(7): Comparative an superlative adjectives 26 (a)(8): Imperative from adjective ΚΥ 27. HOW TO COUNT. (a) THE NUMERALS.. How to say. 28. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS (a) 25 Possibilities of forms 29. MONETARY SYSTEM 30. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS 31. THE HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS 31 (a)(1): HOURS counted from 1 to 12 preceded with "amin'ny" and followed with -maraina, antoandro, tolakandro, hariva, alina 31 (a)(2): Minutes counted by unit of 1 to 60 followed b "sy", "mahery, latsaka, of five minutes, the hour + 10 mn, etc... 31 (a)(3): The seconds, counted by unit from 1 to 60 CHAPTER VIII 32. ADVERBS (a) Adverbs of place (b) Adverbs of time (c) Adverbs of manner and degree (d) Adverbs of affirmation, negation (e) Adverbs of doubt (f) Interrogative adverbs (g) Adverbs of quality, quantity or manner. (h) Place of adverb in a sentence 33. PREPOSITIONS: simple and compound (a) Simple prepositions (b) Compound prepositions (c) Syntactic c (a)(1): Syntactic Note (1): do not require the use of... c (b)(2): Syntactic Note (2): In the case of double accusatives c (c)(3): Verbs may substitute prepositions 34. CONJUNCTIONS (a) Serving to connect words woH (b) Serving to connect words in a phrase that form a syntactic unit (c) Serving to connect various clauses: (1) Conditional, (2) Causal, (3) Declarative, (4) Inferential,. (5) Final, (6) Temporal (d) Serving to connect independent sentences to subordinate sentences (e) Syntactic rules for conjunctions 35. INTERJECTIONS Place of interjections CHAPTER IX. 36. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (a) In Malagasy there are phrases without verbs and with verbs 36 (a)(1): Phrases without verbs 36 (a)(2): Phrases with verbs (b): SUBJECT. 36 (b)(1): The subject of a verb may be a... 36 (b)(2): Place of subject (c) INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT. 36 (c)(1): Particle "No" applies an emphatic sense to the subject and at the same time isolates it from... "No" occurs in constructions of Assertive, interrogative, imperative, hortative, 120 negative-imperative sentences Sentences with indication of time, place, cause, reason... 36 (c)(2): Particle "Dia". to clearly point out the subject to establish a balance between two phrases in a sentence to mark the superlative 37. COMPLEMENT (a) The complement may be a noun, a verb, a.... (b) The complement may be a noun, a pronoun.... (c) Place of the complement: 37(c)(1) to.......(37(c)(8) 38. TWO MAIN DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME 38 (a)(1) - The possibility for the subject to change place 38 (b)(1) - The importance of identifying roots

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CHAPTER I 1. LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER II DEFINITE ARTICLE 2. Article "NY". INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND OMISSION OF ARTICLES 3. Article "NY" omitted PERSONAL ARTICLES 4. Article "I". 5. Article "RA". 6. Article "AN" 7. Article "ANDRIA". 8. Article "RY". 9. Articles LAY, ILAY, LAHY, LEHY, ILEHY, ILEHIRY, ILEHITY... CHAPTER III PERSONAL PRONOUNS 10. (a) All nominative case pronouns (agent of active) begin with letter "i".. (b) All accusative (direct object) and possessive cases pronouns beginwith letter "a". (c) When these pronouns are suffixed to root form (1) Possessive case (2) Ablative (agent of passive and relative) cases (3) Dative case (indirect object) (d) Reflexive pronoun (e) Reciprocal forms (f) Intimate pronouns 11. Root words composed with more than two syllables and ending in syllables KA, TRA, ΝΑ CHAPTER IV DEMONSTRATIVE / LOCATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 12. They are used to demonstrate.... (a) The most common demonstrative particles beginning with "a", "i","e", infix "t, ts, n. r". (b) The demonstrative particles can be translated by there, this...... VISIBLE DISTANCE, UNSEEN DISTANCE (c) They are used ....to smooth the demonstrative impact (d) Present. Past. Future. Gender. Number. Vague. (e) Use of "faha". (f) Use of "ho", or "no ho". (g) Use of "mank" and particularity of "any". (h) Remark (i) When demonstrative particles are repeated (j) The use of demonstrative/locative particles with relative verbs (k) The case of "izay". INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES 13. Used as substitutes to persons, animals, inanimate (a) They to not make distinction of number and gender. (b) "IZA" ?-ZOVY? (c) INONA? (d) Intercalation of "no". (e) Possessive. (f) Place "An'inona". (g) Do not confuse with "aninona, haninona (h) Doubling the interrogatives and using particles "na", "sa" CHAPTER V ROOTS and VERBS 14. The key to the Malagasy language is the verb, the key to the verb is the root THE ROOTS may be (a) a simple active or passive verb, a substantive, an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection (b) secondary roots (c) From a root, may derive a multiplicity of noun and verbal forms, compound substantive, substantive composed of many elements, substantive of usual manner or an agent substantive, an adjective 15. VERBS: SIMPLE STRUTURE (a) The verbal root does not change form whatever the person and the number of the subject (b) The personal pronouns are the elements in which we determine person an number of subjects (c) Auxiliary verbs like "to be", " to have", "to do" and their derivatives do not exist in Malagasy. There is no verb "to be". (d) Tenses of verbs: Three tenses are used in Malagasy 16. ACTIVE VERBS (a) Active verbs: transitive, beginning with "m", "mi", "ma", "man". 16 (a)(1): "M", "Mi" suffixed to roots 16 (a) (2): "Ma", "Mam", "Man" suffixed to roots beginning. with vowels a, e, i, o and consonants b, d,, g, j, n (b) Active verbs: Intransitive. Sometimes begin with "mi", "mian", "miha", "mitan", except "tonga", "tamy", "avy". "Ma", "man", "mana", "mank", "manka", "maha". 16 (b)(1): "M", "Mi" forming active intransitive verbs (c) "Ma", "Mam", "Man" form active intransitive verbs 16 (c)(1): Most consonants at the beginning of a root are dropped 16 (c)(2): "M", "Mi", "Man" prefixed to roots beginning with vowels or with consonants d, g, j... 16 (c)(3): Roots beginning with "h".. 16 (c)(4): Roots beginning with "l, r, z:..." changes to d, dr, j, k... 16 (c) (5): With "Man", one must drop s, t at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(6): "Man" becomes "Mam", when f, and p drop at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(7): "Ma" is only suffixed to roots beginning with m or n. 16 (c)(8): Sometimes "Man" becomes "Mam" when taking the place of v, or b, at the beginning of a root (d) Derivatives form "ma" and "mi" 16 (d)(1): Derivatives "mana", "mian", "miank", "miants", "mitan".. 16 (d)(2): Derivatives suffixes are developed later (sec. 18>>18c 17. INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES. (a) The negative form is obtained with use of "tsy". Negative imperative "aza + active verb.. (b) Interrogative from "moa", "ve", "moa...ve" (c) The negative-Interrogative form "Tsy....ve?". "Moa...tsy" (d) The Gerundive form (verbal substantive). (e) The progressive and frequentative forms. Use of adverb "mbola" The simple progressive introduced with prefix "miha" (f) The Reflexive form, use of reflexive pronoun "tena".. (g) Equivalent of defective or auxiliary verbs afaka, mety, sahy, mila, aoka, tokony, tsy maintsy, azo, mahazo, tia (ta-, te-), misy (h) Impersonal verbs preceded by "ny", or negative "ny tsy". (i) Ellipse verbs does not exist (j) Emphatic form use particles dia, no, tokoa, tena, indrindra, manko/mantsy. (k) The conditional form is obtained with use of "raha".. (1) The Duplicative form of all forms is developed below (Sec. 26(a)(5). 18. MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES (a) PROGRESSIVE FORM: Prefix "miha". (b) CAUSATIVE FORM (c) RECIPROCAL FORM (d) CAUSATIVE-RECIPROCAL (e) RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE CHAPTER VI COMPLEX STRUCTURES. PASSIVE FORMS 19. The complements to the verbs become subjects or predicates to the action (a) May be obtained by adjoining prefixes or suffixes to... - 19 (a)(1): Use of the prefixes "tafa", "voa" 19 (a)(2): Use of prefixes "a". 19 (a)(3): Root passives. Use of suffixes "ina", "ana" 19 (a)(4): Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na". Use of suffixe "na". Use of suffix "ena" 19 (a)(4): Passives from causative Passive from reciprocal Passive from causative-reciprocal Passive from reciprocal-causative Note: Abstract nouns obtained from relative verbs cannot (a)(5): Passive with use of "infixes" -in-, -si, z- Note: All passive forms may be [u in pas, present and future IMPERATIVE VERBS 20. FORMATION OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE (a): The active imperative. (b): One of the consonants f, m, s, v, z may be inserted before the final imperative "a". (c): Active verbs ending with "y" should be "ia" in the imperative form. "ia" contracts to "e" (d): Active verbs from root ending with "y" : add to their final syllable "a" to obtain an active imperative form (e): Active verbs with final "ka", "tra", "na", "ny": the letter "k" changes to "h". Letters "t" and "r" may drop. Accent shift to... (f): The active imperative is only followed by one or two accusative and cannot be suffixed with a personal pronoun (g): USE OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 21. (a): FORMATION OF PASSIVE IMPERATIVES Non-accented letters "a", "o", "y" or accented "e" on the final syllable of a passive verbs, adjectives, or shifting the accent... FORMATION RULE (b): Substitute letter "o", "y", or "oy" to final suffixes "ana", "ina", "ena... (c): Keep passive prefixes "a" and the passive form, substitute "o", "y", "oy" to final passive "ina", "ana", "ena". Some rule may supply... (d): Accent on final "a". Or add final "a" root noun / adjective ending with "o", "у". Or shift accent to pre-final syllable (e): When final imperative "e" is the contracted form of "ia", infix "s, v, z, f" is introduced (f): Add non-accented letters "y", "o", or "a"; letters "s, v, z, f' may be infixed to root noun /adjective ending with "a". (g): Imperative Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na".. (h): Add at the end neutral or appropriate personal pronouns followed by the eventual accusative complement (i): Use of the imperative-passive. Add "mba" or "mba...kely", "aoka".. (j): Perfective Passive prefixes "voa" and "tafa". (a): Active and passive imperative of the following forms: causative, causative-reciprocal, reciprocal-causative forms 22 (a)(1): Simple forms. Active, passive, imperative, relative 22 (a)(2): Rules to form causative-imperative 22 (a)(3): Rules to form the reciprocal-active-imperative 22 (a)(4): Rules to form the causative-reciprocal active imperative 22 (a)(5): Rules to form the reciprocal-causative imperative 22 (a)(6): Rules to form relative forms: Drop "m" of the active voice, add the eventual infix "s", and end with "ana"АМЯОЧ Change prefix "an" with causative "amp", reciprocal "ifan", causative-reciprocal "ampi", and reciprocal-causative "ampifamp".. Note: Active relative and passive relative are the same in all cases and end with "ana"; a shift of accent.... 23. NEGATIVE-IMPERATIVE. "Aza" is placed before the verb, the root verb and root adjective, in all prohibitive forms (a): The circumstances in which action is accomplished can be a matter positive and negative imperative (b): When the prohibitive "aza" is used 24. USE OF THE RELATIVE FORM The relative voice is used in TWELVE cases. Neutral, future and past tenses... 24 (a)(1): Relation of TIME 24 (a)(2): Relation of PLACE 24 (a)(3): Relation of MANNER 24 (a)(4): Relation of INSTRUMENT. 24 (a)(5): Relation of REASON-OCCASION-CAUSE..... 24 (a)(6): Relation of REASON-GOAL-PURPOSE 24 (a)(7): Relation of PRICE 24 (a)(8): PERSON FOR/FROM WHOM, THING FOR/FROM WHICH 24 (a)(9): PARTITIVE RELATION to 24 (a)(10): PASSIVE RELATION, NEUTRAL TENSE..... 24 (a)(11): NY + RELATIVE = an abstract or a verbal noun 24(a)(12): EQUIVALENCE WITH ENGLISH GERUNDIVE.... 24(a)(13): THE IMPERATIVE RELATIVE: Rule CHAPTER VII 25. NOUNS. (a): Are nouns, or have the value of common nouns. 25 (a)(1): There is no distinction of gender for Malagasy nouns 25 (2)(2): There are neither prefixes nor suffixes to mark the plural (b): Nouns from all verbal forms preceded by appropriate prefixes 25 (b)(1): Nouns from active verbs 25 (b)(2): Nouns from active causative verbs 25 (b)(3): Nouns from active reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(4): Nouns from active causative-reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(5): Nouns from relative forms of verbs, preceded with "f, fa, fan, fi, faha" and ending with "ana". 25 (b)(6): Adjectives and nouns from relative forms of verbs preceded by "ha, faha" and ending with "ana" to express an abstract meaning, a status of being 25 (b)(7): Nouns formed from root ending with relative suffix "ana, ena". 25 (b)(8): A nouns may be adjoined to another noun to form a compounded noun with an apposition or a genitive sense 25 (b)(9): Nouns of persons: all personal names have some distinct meaning 25 (b)(10): Nouns of place: all names have some distinct meaning CHAPTER VII 26. ADJECTIVES 26 (a)(1): There are three sorts of adjectives: root adjectives, participles and passive verbs, composed adjectives formed with the root preceded by prefixes "m,ma" or root ending with suffixes "ana, ina, ena". 26 (a)(2): An adjective may play the role of-an epithet, an attribute, an adjective of material... 26 (a)(3): When a adjective precedes a noun Vдтя not introduced by "ny", it may be used as an attribute or an epithet 26 (a)(4): Tenses in adjectives 26 (a)(5): Reduplicated form. 26 (a)(6): Adjectives of color 26 (a)(7): Comparative an superlative adjectives 26 (a)(8): Imperative from adjective ΚΥ 27. HOW TO COUNT. (a) THE NUMERALS.. How to say. 28. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS (a) 25 Possibilities of forms 29. MONETARY SYSTEM 30. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS 31. THE HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS 31 (a)(1): HOURS counted from 1 to 12 preceded with "amin'ny" and followed with -maraina, antoandro, tolakandro, hariva, alina 31 (a)(2): Minutes counted by unit of 1 to 60 followed b "sy", "mahery, latsaka, of five minutes, the hour + 10 mn, etc... 31 (a)(3): The seconds, counted by unit from 1 to 60 CHAPTER VIII 32. ADVERBS (a) Adverbs of place (b) Adverbs of time (c) Adverbs of manner and degree (d) Adverbs of affirmation, negation (e) Adverbs of doubt (f) Interrogative adverbs (g) Adverbs of quality, quantity or manner. (h) Place of adverb in a sentence 33. PREPOSITIONS: simple and compound (a) Simple prepositions (b) Compound prepositions (c) Syntactic c (a)(1): Syntactic Note (1): do not require the use of... c (b)(2): Syntactic Note (2): In the case of double accusatives c (c)(3): Verbs may substitute prepositions 34. CONJUNCTIONS (a) Serving to connect words woH (b) Serving to connect words in a phrase that form a syntactic unit (c) Serving to connect various clauses: (1) Conditional, (2) Causal, (3) Declarative, (4) Inferential,. (5) Final, (6) Temporal (d) Serving to connect independent sentences to subordinate sentences (e) Syntactic rules for conjunctions 35. INTERJECTIONS Place of interjections CHAPTER IX. 36. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (a) In Malagasy there are phrases without verbs and with verbs 36 (a)(1): Phrases without verbs 36 (a)(2): Phrases with verbs (b): SUBJECT. 36 (b)(1): The subject of a verb may be a... 36 (b)(2): Place of subject (c) INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT. 36 (c)(1): Particle "No" applies an emphatic sense to the subject and at the same time isolates it from... "No" occurs in constructions of Assertive, interrogative, imperative, hortative, 120 negative-imperative sentences Sentences with indication of time, place, cause, reason... 36 (c)(2): Particle "Dia". to clearly point out the subject to establish a balance between two phrases in a sentence to mark the superlative 37. COMPLEMENT (a) The complement may be a noun, a verb, a.... (b) The complement may be a noun, a pronoun.... (c) Place of the complement: 37(c)(1) to.......(37(c)(8) 38. TWO MAIN DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME 38 (a)(1) - The possibility for the subject to change place 38 (b)(1) - The importance of identifying roots

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CHAPTER I 1. LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER II DEFINITE ARTICLE 2. Article "NY". INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND OMISSION OF ARTICLES 3. Article "NY" omitted PERSONAL ARTICLES 4. Article "I". 5. Article "RA". 6. Article "AN" 7. Article "ANDRIA". 8. Article "RY". 9. Articles LAY, ILAY, LAHY, LEHY, ILEHY, ILEHIRY, ILEHITY... CHAPTER III PERSONAL PRONOUNS 10. (a) All nominative case pronouns (agent of active) begin with letter "i".. (b) All accusative (direct object) and possessive cases pronouns beginwith letter "a". (c) When these pronouns are suffixed to root form (1) Possessive case (2) Ablative (agent of passive and relative) cases (3) Dative case (indirect object) (d) Reflexive pronoun (e) Reciprocal forms (f) Intimate pronouns 11. Root words composed with more than two syllables and ending in syllables KA, TRA, ΝΑ CHAPTER IV DEMONSTRATIVE / LOCATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 12. They are used to demonstrate.... (a) The most common demonstrative particles beginning with "a", "i","e", infix "t, ts, n. r". (b) The demonstrative particles can be translated by there, this...... VISIBLE DISTANCE, UNSEEN DISTANCE (c) They are used ....to smooth the demonstrative impact (d) Present. Past. Future. Gender. Number. Vague. (e) Use of "faha". (f) Use of "ho", or "no ho". (g) Use of "mank" and particularity of "any". (h) Remark (i) When demonstrative particles are repeated (j) The use of demonstrative/locative particles with relative verbs (k) The case of "izay". INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES 13. Used as substitutes to persons, animals, inanimate (a) They to not make distinction of number and gender. (b) "IZA" ?-ZOVY? (c) INONA? (d) Intercalation of "no". (e) Possessive. (f) Place "An'inona". (g) Do not confuse with "aninona, haninona (h) Doubling the interrogatives and using particles "na", "sa" CHAPTER V ROOTS and VERBS 14. The key to the Malagasy language is the verb, the key to the verb is the root THE ROOTS may be (a) a simple active or passive verb, a substantive, an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection (b) secondary roots (c) From a root, may derive a multiplicity of noun and verbal forms, compound substantive, substantive composed of many elements, substantive of usual manner or an agent substantive, an adjective 15. VERBS: SIMPLE STRUTURE (a) The verbal root does not change form whatever the person and the number of the subject (b) The personal pronouns are the elements in which we determine person an number of subjects (c) Auxiliary verbs like "to be", " to have", "to do" and their derivatives do not exist in Malagasy. There is no verb "to be". (d) Tenses of verbs: Three tenses are used in Malagasy 16. ACTIVE VERBS (a) Active verbs: transitive, beginning with "m", "mi", "ma", "man". 16 (a)(1): "M", "Mi" suffixed to roots 16 (a) (2): "Ma", "Mam", "Man" suffixed to roots beginning. with vowels a, e, i, o and consonants b, d,, g, j, n (b) Active verbs: Intransitive. Sometimes begin with "mi", "mian", "miha", "mitan", except "tonga", "tamy", "avy". "Ma", "man", "mana", "mank", "manka", "maha". 16 (b)(1): "M", "Mi" forming active intransitive verbs (c) "Ma", "Mam", "Man" form active intransitive verbs 16 (c)(1): Most consonants at the beginning of a root are dropped 16 (c)(2): "M", "Mi", "Man" prefixed to roots beginning with vowels or with consonants d, g, j... 16 (c)(3): Roots beginning with "h".. 16 (c)(4): Roots beginning with "l, r, z:..." changes to d, dr, j, k... 16 (c) (5): With "Man", one must drop s, t at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(6): "Man" becomes "Mam", when f, and p drop at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(7): "Ma" is only suffixed to roots beginning with m or n. 16 (c)(8): Sometimes "Man" becomes "Mam" when taking the place of v, or b, at the beginning of a root (d) Derivatives form "ma" and "mi" 16 (d)(1): Derivatives "mana", "mian", "miank", "miants", "mitan".. 16 (d)(2): Derivatives suffixes are developed later (sec. 18>>18c 17. INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES. (a) The negative form is obtained with use of "tsy". Negative imperative "aza + active verb.. (b) Interrogative from "moa", "ve", "moa...ve" (c) The negative-Interrogative form "Tsy....ve?". "Moa...tsy" (d) The Gerundive form (verbal substantive). (e) The progressive and frequentative forms. Use of adverb "mbola" The simple progressive introduced with prefix "miha" (f) The Reflexive form, use of reflexive pronoun "tena".. (g) Equivalent of defective or auxiliary verbs afaka, mety, sahy, mila, aoka, tokony, tsy maintsy, azo, mahazo, tia (ta-, te-), misy (h) Impersonal verbs preceded by "ny", or negative "ny tsy". (i) Ellipse verbs does not exist (j) Emphatic form use particles dia, no, tokoa, tena, indrindra, manko/mantsy. (k) The conditional form is obtained with use of "raha".. (1) The Duplicative form of all forms is developed below (Sec. 26(a)(5). 18. MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES (a) PROGRESSIVE FORM: Prefix "miha". (b) CAUSATIVE FORM (c) RECIPROCAL FORM (d) CAUSATIVE-RECIPROCAL (e) RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE CHAPTER VI COMPLEX STRUCTURES. PASSIVE FORMS 19. The complements to the verbs become subjects or predicates to the action (a) May be obtained by adjoining prefixes or suffixes to... - 19 (a)(1): Use of the prefixes "tafa", "voa" 19 (a)(2): Use of prefixes "a". 19 (a)(3): Root passives. Use of suffixes "ina", "ana" 19 (a)(4): Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na". Use of suffixe "na". Use of suffix "ena" 19 (a)(4): Passives from causative Passive from reciprocal Passive from causative-reciprocal Passive from reciprocal-causative Note: Abstract nouns obtained from relative verbs cannot (a)(5): Passive with use of "infixes" -in-, -si, z- Note: All passive forms may be [u in pas, present and future IMPERATIVE VERBS 20. FORMATION OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE (a): The active imperative. (b): One of the consonants f, m, s, v, z may be inserted before the final imperative "a". (c): Active verbs ending with "y" should be "ia" in the imperative form. "ia" contracts to "e" (d): Active verbs from root ending with "y" : add to their final syllable "a" to obtain an active imperative form (e): Active verbs with final "ka", "tra", "na", "ny": the letter "k" changes to "h". Letters "t" and "r" may drop. Accent shift to... (f): The active imperative is only followed by one or two accusative and cannot be suffixed with a personal pronoun (g): USE OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 21. (a): FORMATION OF PASSIVE IMPERATIVES Non-accented letters "a", "o", "y" or accented "e" on the final syllable of a passive verbs, adjectives, or shifting the accent... FORMATION RULE (b): Substitute letter "o", "y", or "oy" to final suffixes "ana", "ina", "ena... (c): Keep passive prefixes "a" and the passive form, substitute "o", "y", "oy" to final passive "ina", "ana", "ena". Some rule may supply... (d): Accent on final "a". Or add final "a" root noun / adjective ending with "o", "у". Or shift accent to pre-final syllable (e): When final imperative "e" is the contracted form of "ia", infix "s, v, z, f" is introduced (f): Add non-accented letters "y", "o", or "a"; letters "s, v, z, f' may be infixed to root noun /adjective ending with "a". (g): Imperative Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na".. (h): Add at the end neutral or appropriate personal pronouns followed by the eventual accusative complement (i): Use of the imperative-passive. Add "mba" or "mba...kely", "aoka".. (j): Perfective Passive prefixes "voa" and "tafa". (a): Active and passive imperative of the following forms: causative, causative-reciprocal, reciprocal-causative forms 22 (a)(1): Simple forms. Active, passive, imperative, relative 22 (a)(2): Rules to form causative-imperative 22 (a)(3): Rules to form the reciprocal-active-imperative 22 (a)(4): Rules to form the causative-reciprocal active imperative 22 (a)(5): Rules to form the reciprocal-causative imperative 22 (a)(6): Rules to form relative forms: Drop "m" of the active voice, add the eventual infix "s", and end with "ana"АМЯОЧ Change prefix "an" with causative "amp", reciprocal "ifan", causative-reciprocal "ampi", and reciprocal-causative "ampifamp".. Note: Active relative and passive relative are the same in all cases and end with "ana"; a shift of accent.... 23. NEGATIVE-IMPERATIVE. "Aza" is placed before the verb, the root verb and root adjective, in all prohibitive forms (a): The circumstances in which action is accomplished can be a matter positive and negative imperative (b): When the prohibitive "aza" is used 24. USE OF THE RELATIVE FORM The relative voice is used in TWELVE cases. Neutral, future and past tenses... 24 (a)(1): Relation of TIME 24 (a)(2): Relation of PLACE 24 (a)(3): Relation of MANNER 24 (a)(4): Relation of INSTRUMENT. 24 (a)(5): Relation of REASON-OCCASION-CAUSE..... 24 (a)(6): Relation of REASON-GOAL-PURPOSE 24 (a)(7): Relation of PRICE 24 (a)(8): PERSON FOR/FROM WHOM, THING FOR/FROM WHICH 24 (a)(9): PARTITIVE RELATION to 24 (a)(10): PASSIVE RELATION, NEUTRAL TENSE..... 24 (a)(11): NY + RELATIVE = an abstract or a verbal noun 24(a)(12): EQUIVALENCE WITH ENGLISH GERUNDIVE.... 24(a)(13): THE IMPERATIVE RELATIVE: Rule CHAPTER VII 25. NOUNS. (a): Are nouns, or have the value of common nouns. 25 (a)(1): There is no distinction of gender for Malagasy nouns 25 (2)(2): There are neither prefixes nor suffixes to mark the plural (b): Nouns from all verbal forms preceded by appropriate prefixes 25 (b)(1): Nouns from active verbs 25 (b)(2): Nouns from active causative verbs 25 (b)(3): Nouns from active reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(4): Nouns from active causative-reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(5): Nouns from relative forms of verbs, preceded with "f, fa, fan, fi, faha" and ending with "ana". 25 (b)(6): Adjectives and nouns from relative forms of verbs preceded by "ha, faha" and ending with "ana" to express an abstract meaning, a status of being 25 (b)(7): Nouns formed from root ending with relative suffix "ana, ena". 25 (b)(8): A nouns may be adjoined to another noun to form a compounded noun with an apposition or a genitive sense 25 (b)(9): Nouns of persons: all personal names have some distinct meaning 25 (b)(10): Nouns of place: all names have some distinct meaning CHAPTER VII 26. ADJECTIVES 26 (a)(1): There are three sorts of adjectives: root adjectives, participles and passive verbs, composed adjectives formed with the root preceded by prefixes "m,ma" or root ending with suffixes "ana, ina, ena". 26 (a)(2): An adjective may play the role of-an epithet, an attribute, an adjective of material... 26 (a)(3): When a adjective precedes a noun Vдтя not introduced by "ny", it may be used as an attribute or an epithet 26 (a)(4): Tenses in adjectives 26 (a)(5): Reduplicated form. 26 (a)(6): Adjectives of color 26 (a)(7): Comparative an superlative adjectives 26 (a)(8): Imperative from adjective ΚΥ 27. HOW TO COUNT. (a) THE NUMERALS.. How to say. 28. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS (a) 25 Possibilities of forms 29. MONETARY SYSTEM 30. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS 31. THE HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS 31 (a)(1): HOURS counted from 1 to 12 preceded with "amin'ny" and followed with -maraina, antoandro, tolakandro, hariva, alina 31 (a)(2): Minutes counted by unit of 1 to 60 followed b "sy", "mahery, latsaka, of five minutes, the hour + 10 mn, etc... 31 (a)(3): The seconds, counted by unit from 1 to 60 CHAPTER VIII 32. ADVERBS (a) Adverbs of place (b) Adverbs of time (c) Adverbs of manner and degree (d) Adverbs of affirmation, negation (e) Adverbs of doubt (f) Interrogative adverbs (g) Adverbs of quality, quantity or manner. (h) Place of adverb in a sentence 33. PREPOSITIONS: simple and compound (a) Simple prepositions (b) Compound prepositions (c) Syntactic c (a)(1): Syntactic Note (1): do not require the use of... c (b)(2): Syntactic Note (2): In the case of double accusatives c (c)(3): Verbs may substitute prepositions 34. CONJUNCTIONS (a) Serving to connect words woH (b) Serving to connect words in a phrase that form a syntactic unit (c) Serving to connect various clauses: (1) Conditional, (2) Causal, (3) Declarative, (4) Inferential,. (5) Final, (6) Temporal (d) Serving to connect independent sentences to subordinate sentences (e) Syntactic rules for conjunctions 35. INTERJECTIONS Place of interjections CHAPTER IX. 36. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (a) In Malagasy there are phrases without verbs and with verbs 36 (a)(1): Phrases without verbs 36 (a)(2): Phrases with verbs (b): SUBJECT. 36 (b)(1): The subject of a verb may be a... 36 (b)(2): Place of subject (c) INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT. 36 (c)(1): Particle "No" applies an emphatic sense to the subject and at the same time isolates it from... "No" occurs in constructions of Assertive, interrogative, imperative, hortative, 120 negative-imperative sentences Sentences with indication of time, place, cause, reason... 36 (c)(2): Particle "Dia". to clearly point out the subject to establish a balance between two phrases in a sentence to mark the superlative 37. COMPLEMENT (a) The complement may be a noun, a verb, a.... (b) The complement may be a noun, a pronoun.... (c) Place of the complement: 37(c)(1) to.......(37(c)(8) 38. TWO MAIN DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME 38 (a)(1) - The possibility for the subject to change place 38 (b)(1) - The importance of identifying roots

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1.1 How the course is organised 1 1.2 The English Phonetics and Phonology website 2 1.3 Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation 1.4 Accents and dialects 3 2 The production of speech sounds 8 2.1 Articulators above the larynx 8 2.2 Vowel and consonant 2.3 English short vowels 13 3 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 16 3.1 English long vowels 16 3.2 Diphthongs 17 3.3 Triphthongs 18 4 Voicing and consonants 22 4.1 The larynx 22 4.2 Respiration and voicing 24 4-3 Plosives 26 4.4 English plosives 26 4.5 Fortis and lenis 28 5 Phonemes and symbols 31 5.1 The phoneme 31 5.2 Symbols and transcription 33 53 Phonology 35 1.1 How the course is organised 1 1.2 The English Phonetics and Phonology website 2 1.3 Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation 1.4 Accents and dialects 3 2 The production of speech sounds 8 2.1 Articulators above the larynx 8 2.2 Vowel and consonant 2.3 English short vowels 13 3 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 16 3.1 English long vowels 16 3.2 Diphthongs 17 3.3 Triphthongs 18 4 Voicing and consonants 22 4.1 The larynx 4.2 Respiration and voicing 24 4-3 Plosives 26 4.4 English plosives 26 4.5 Fortis and lenis 28 5 Phonemes and symbols 31 5.1 The phoneme 31 5.2 Symbols and transcription 33 53 Phonology 35 6 Fricatives and affricates 39 6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates 6.2 The fricatives of English 40 6.3 The affricates of English 43 6.4 Fortis consonants 44 7 Nasals and other consonants 7.1 Nasals 46 7.2 The consonant 1 48 73 The consonant r 49 7.4 The consonants j and w 50 8 The syllable 56 8.1 The nature of the syllable s6 8.2 The structure of the English syllable 57 8.3 Syllable division 60 9 Strong and weak syllables 64 9.1 Strong and weak 64 9.2 The a vowel ("schwa") 65 9.3 Close front and close back vowels 66 9.4 Syllabic consonants 10 Stress in simple words 73 10.1 The nature of stress 73 10.2 Levels of stress 11 Complex word stress 82 PIlacement of stresS within the word z5 Complex words 82 Suffixes 83 Prefixes 85 Compound words 85 Variable stress 86 Word-class pairs 87 19 Functions of intonation 2 53 The accentual function of intonation 19.2 The grammatical function of intonation 154 The discourse function of intonation 19.4 Conclusions 20 Varieties of English pronunciation 161 The study of variety 161 20.2 Geographical variation 162 20.3 Other sources of variation 165 Recorded exercises 169 Audio Unit 1: Introduction 169 Audio Unit 2: English short vowels 17o Audio Unit 4: Plosives 173 Audio Unit 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 171 Audio Unit 5: Revision 176 Audio Unit 6: Fricatives and affricates Audio Unit 7: Further consonants 179 Audio Unit 8: Consonant clusters Audio Unit 9: Weak syllables 183 Audio Unit 10: Word stress 185 Audio Unit 13: Revision 190 Audio Unit 11: Complex word stress 187 Audio Unit 12: Weak forms 188 Audio Unit 14: Elisions and rhythm 191 Audio Unit 15: Tones 192 Audio Unit 16: The tone-unit 193 Audio Unit 17: Intonation 195 Answers to written exercises Answers to recorded exercise Audio Unit 18: Intonation: extracts from conversation Audio Unit 19: Further practice on connected speech 197 Audio Unit 20: Transcription of connected speech 198 13 Problems in phonemic analysis 97 Affricates The English vowel system 99 Syllabic consonants 13.4 Clusters of s with plosives 101 13.5 Schwa (ə) 101 13.7 Conclusion 103 Distinctive features 102 14 Aspects of connected speech 107 14.1 Rhythm 107 14.2 Assimilation 110 14-3 Elision 13 14.4 Linking 15 15 Intonation 1 119 Form and function in intonation 15.2 Tone and tone languages 121 16 Intonation 2 129 153 Complex tones and pitch height 122 15.4 Some functions of English tones 15-5 Tones on other words The tone-unit 17 Intonation 3 136 16.2 The structure of the tone-unit 30 16.3 Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit 133 Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail 17.2 High and low heads 138 18 Functions of intonation 1 146 17.3 Problems in analysing the form of intonation 140 17.4 Autosegmental treatment of intonation 143 18.1 The attitudinal function of intonation 18.2 Expressing attitudes Recommendations for general reading 210oltnat ish

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SALINA (TEXTE INTÉGRAL) Le sang des femmes La dernière vertèbre. . Le don des larmes POUR COMPRENDRE GROUPEMENT DE TEXTES Après-texte Ecritures tragiques et représentations INTERVIEW EXCLUSIVE Laurent Gaudé et Vincent Goethals répondent aux questions de Cécile Pélissier INFORMATION / DOCUMENTATION Bibliographie, Internet

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Ny herim-po; fay - tsy te hamerina intsony ; ny fahamalinana ; ny tahotra ; ny henatra ; ny toky ; ireo fombam-pitenenana samy hafa ; ny biby madinika sy mandady ; ny bibikely anaty tany ; ny bibikely mpitsentsitra ; ny bibikely anaty rano ; nybibikely manidina; ny tany ; ny lanitra ; ny volana; ny masoandro; ny kintana ; ny andro ; ny alina ; ny fizaran-taona

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Se raconter; exprimer ses émotions en poésie; tirer une leçon de vie; raconter un incident personnel; rédiger une lettre personnelle; identifier des codes; raconter un conflit; se décrire avec humour; justifier un choix; valoriser son expérience; présenter une entreprise; établir une chronologie; rassembler une documentation; lire un article de faits divers; lire une image de reportage; prendre position; faire un récit de voyage, lire et analyser un magazine d'opinion à la télévision.