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1. GROUP DYNAMIC 2. LEADERSHIP 3. DECISION MAKING 4. GROUP GOALS AND GOAL STRUCTURES 5. COMMUNICATION WITHIN GROUPS 6. CONTROVERSY AND CREATIVITY 7. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 8. THE USE OF POWER 9. LEADING LEARNING AND DISCUSSION GROUPS 10. LEADING GROWTH AND COUNSELING GROUPS 11. TEAM BUILDING 12. Psychological benefits of group membership 13. EPILOGUE

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INTRODUCTION I Course Objectives The Elements of the Conmunicating Program Tests 2 Time Schedules 2 Teaching Reterence Materials 3 TEACHING SUGGESTIONS 7 Part One: Introduction 7 Part TwO: Applying the Rules of Grammar Part Three: Applying the Rules of Punctuation and Style 15 Part Four: Building Basic Word Skills 21 Part Five: Writing Eftective Sentences and Paragraphs 23 Part Six: Writing Effective Letters Part Seven: Writing Effective Memos, Reports, and Related Message Part Eight: Writing Effective Employment Communications 30 Part Nine: Reading Business Communications 32 Part Ten: Listening and Speaking Effcctively 33 ANSWERS TO END-OF- CHAPTER EXERCISES 37 Part One: Introduction 37 Part TwO: Applying the Rules of Grammar Part Four: Building Basic Word Skills 53 Part Three: Applying the Rules of Punctuation and Style 46 Part Six: Writing Effective Letters Part Five: Writing Effective Sentences and Paragraphs 58 Part Seven: Writing Effective Memos, Reports, and Related Mess- Part Eight: Writing Effective Employment Communications 70 Part Nine: Reading Business Communications 73 Part Ten: Listening and Speaking Effectively 74

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INTRODUCTION I Course Objectives The Elements of the Conmunicating Program Tests 2 Time Schedules 2 Teaching Reterence Materials 3 TEACHING SUGGESTIONS 7 Part One: Introduction 7 Part TwO: Applying the Rules of Grammar Part Three: Applying the Rules of Punctuation and Style 15 Part Four: Building Basic Word Skills 21 Part Five: Writing Eftective Sentences and Paragraphs 23 Part Six: Writing Effective Letters Part Seven: Writing Effective Memos, Reports, and Related Message Part Eight: Writing Effective Employment Communications 30 Part Nine: Reading Business Communications 32 Part Ten: Listening and Speaking Effcctively 33 ANSWERS TO END-OF- CHAPTER EXERCISES 37 Part One: Introduction 37 Part TwO: Applying the Rules of Grammar Part Four: Building Basic Word Skills 53 Part Three: Applying the Rules of Punctuation and Style 46 Part Six: Writing Effective Letters Part Five: Writing Effective Sentences and Paragraphs 58 Part Seven: Writing Effective Memos, Reports, and Related Mess- Part Eight: Writing Effective Employment Communications 70 Part Nine: Reading Business Communications 73 Part Ten: Listening and Speaking Effectively 74

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PART 1: WORKING WITH THE CHILDREN AND FAMILY: Information on different disabilities 1. INTRODUCTION to PART 1: Making therapy functional and Fun A. Where do we Start? 2. Ideas for Sharing information from this Book 3. Prevention of Disabilities 4. Examining and evaluating the disabled Child 5. Simple ways to measure and record a Child's Progress B. Recognizing , Helping with, and Preventing common Disabilities 6. Guide for Identifying Disabities C. Helping the Child whose Mind and/or Body are slow to Develop D. Helping Children Develop and Become More self-reliant E. Exercices and Techniques PART 2 WORKING WITH THE COMMUNITY: village involvement in the Rehabilitation, Social integration, and Rights of Disabled Children 44. INTRODUCTION to PART 2: Disabled Children in the Community PART 3 WORKING IN THE SHOP: Rehabilitation Aids and Procedures 56. INTRODUCTION to PART 3: Making sure Aids and Procedures Do More Good than Harm

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INTRODUCTION I Course Objectives The Elements of the Conmunicating Program Tests 2 Time Schedules 2 Teaching Reterence Materials 3 TEACHING SUGGESTIONS 7 Part One: Introduction 7 Part TwO: Applying the Rules of Grammar Part Three: Applying the Rules of Punctuation and Style 15 Part Four: Building Basic Word Skills 21 Part Five: Writing Eftective Sentences and Paragraphs 23 Part Six: Writing Effective Letters Part Seven: Writing Effective Memos, Reports, and Related Message Part Eight: Writing Effective Employment Communications 30 Part Nine: Reading Business Communications 32 Part Ten: Listening and Speaking Effcctively 33 ANSWERS TO END-OF- CHAPTER EXERCISES 37 Part One: Introduction 37 Part TwO: Applying the Rules of Grammar Part Four: Building Basic Word Skills 53 Part Three: Applying the Rules of Punctuation and Style 46 Part Six: Writing Effective Letters Part Five: Writing Effective Sentences and Paragraphs 58 Part Seven: Writing Effective Memos, Reports, and Related Mess- Part Eight: Writing Effective Employment Communications 70 Part Nine: Reading Business Communications 73 Part Ten: Listening and Speaking Effectively 74

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CONTENTS Using Effective Search Procedures Tips on Conducting a Literature Review Summary References Self-Test CHATER 5 WRITING AND ORGAISIZING RESEARCH PAPERS Elements of Good Writing StYIe Tips for Effective Writing Writing Formats Different Formal StYles Headings Figures and Tables Footnotes Bibliographic Format The APA StYle Writing a Literature Review Parts of the Review Writing a Research ProsPectus Organizing a Research ProsPectus Writing a Research RePort Submitting Research PaPers Writing Abstracts Summary References Self-Test CHAPTER 4 : DESIGNING THE COMMUNICATION RESEARCH PROJECT The Research Process Historical and Critical Research Historical Research Critical Research Research Guidelines Descriptive Research Survey Research Observational Research Experimental Research ExPerimental Designs Types of ExPerimental Research Research TerminologY Variables Definitions ValiditY and ReliabilitY Research GrouPs Empirical Research Summary References Self-Test CHAPTER 5 COMPUTER SEARCHING OF ON LINE BIBLIOGAPHIC DATA BASES Data Bases Technological DeveloPments Varieties of Data Bases Communication-Related Data Bases Searching Data Bases End-User Searching The Role of the Library Preparing for a Search The Search Process Summary References SeIf-Test t? PART TWO : COMMUNICATION RESEARCH SOURCES Handbooks Textbooks Encyclopedias Dictionaries Annual Reviews and Series Selected Sources Handbooks Textbooks EncycloPedias Research Terminology Variables Definitions Validity and Reliability Research Groups Empirical Research Summary References Self-Test CHAPTER : COMPUTER SEARCHING OF ON LINE BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASES Data Bases Technological Developments Varieties of Data Bases Communication-Related Data Bases Searching Data Bases End-User Searching The Role of the Library Preparing for a Search The Search Process Summary References Self-Test PART TWO : COMMUNICATION RESEARCH SOURCES CHAPTER 6 : GENERAL SOURCES Handbooks Textbooks Encyclopedias Dictionaries Annual Reviews and Series Selected Sources Handbooks , Textbooks Encyclopedias Annual Reviews and Series Self-Test CHAPTER 7 : FINDING AIDS Bibliographies Guides to the Literature Legal Research Indexes Specialized Indexes Citation fndexes Microfilm Indexes Media Indexes Abstracts Self-test CHAPTER : COMMUNICATION PERIODICALS Scholarly Journals Professional and Trade periodicals Selected Sources Scholarly Journals Professional and Trade periodicals Abstract and Index Abbreviations Self-Test CHAPTER 9 : INFORMATION COMPILATIONS Collections Speech Collections Print Media Collections Electronic Media Collections Legal Collections Attitude Measurement Collections Statistical Sources United States Government publications Yearbooks Directories Manuals Glossary Source Index Subject Index

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Communication and Audiences Elements of Communication The Communication Model Elements of Mass Communication Audiences Delayed Feedback Channel Noise Semantic Noise Information Gatekeepers Functions of Mass Communication Entertainment Persuasion Transmission of the Culture Understanding Audiences How Audiences Affect Media Search for Specific Audiences Summary Notes Causes and Effects Mass Communication Theory The Mass Communication Process Hypodermic or Bullet Theory Individual Differences Theory Social Categories Selective Perception Personal Influence Audience Resistance, Resilience, and Selectivity Two-Step Flow Two-Step Critique Social Influence The Theories Mature Stalagmite Theories Political Socialization Agenda Setting Audience-Use Theories The Medium Defined Historical Development Control and Press Freedoms The American Press The News People The Structure of Contemporary Newspapers Ownership and Consolidation Newspaper Operations Summary The Nature of News The Types of Newspapers Big-City Dailies USA Today-A Special Case Community Newspapers Notes Demographic Changes Minority Newspapers The Changing Newspaper Business Reader Interests Newspapers Today and Tomorrow Magazines Historical Development From European Roots to the Civil War The Golden Age: The Twentieth Century Television and Advertising The Circulation Wars Adjustment and Retrenchment The Types of Magazines TV Guide The Newsmagazines: Time City and Regional Magazines The Editorial Task Life Cycles of Magazines Starting a New Magazine Magazine Sales Contemporary Successes Magazines and Advertising Readership Surveys Summary Controlled-Circulation Magazines The Business Press Company Magazines The Future of Magazines Notes Advertising as Content Marketing Audience Interest Magazines without Ads Historical Development Gutenberg's Bible and the Spread of Literacv Book Publishing in America The Twentie th Century The Types of Books Trade Books Paperback Books Textbooks Professional Books Editorial Marketing Production The Business of Book Publishing Summary Notes Cross-Media Ties New Strategies in Book Publishing Audiences for Books Book Publishing Today and Tomorrow Radio Hiatorical Development The Early Days America's Prime Masa Medium The Rvalry with Television Contemporary Radio Talk and Information Public Radio Formats Radio 's Audiences The Future of Radio Summary The Disc Jockey and Music Recordings The Recording Industry Early History Trends in Popular Music Music before The industry of the Early Recorded Music Rock 'n' Roll The Future of Recordings Summary Since World War Il Television The Early History of Television The Networks A filiates Public Television The Ratings Public Broadcasting Service PBS Programs and Audiences Nielsen 's Arbitron Programming Ratings and Shares Non-Prime time The Ra tings: Problems and Promises Next Season 's Schedule Television Audiences Television News Costs of Programming Television Advertising Summary Film Television Criticism Production Distribution The Technological Revolution The Philosophical Revolution TV News: Criticisms and Problems Film Controls Critics The Oscars Exhibition Other Film Types Historical Development Turn of the Century The Feature-Length Film The Hollywood Method Sound and the Depression The Postwar Decline The Impact of Tele vision The Business of Filmmaking The Future of Film Audiences and their Guides Foreign Influences Here Newsreels and Documentaries Propaganda and Education Film as a Cross-Cultural Medium Fantasy versus Reality Abroad

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1. L'image, dimension de la société 2. Télé intruse ou 3è parent? 3. Le bande dessinée ou des images en liberté (surveillée?) 4. La publicité ou à qui profite l'image Conclusion: L'image et le rgard

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CONTENTS 1. Broadcast writing 2. Script Formats 3. Television Drama 4. Televïsion Comedy 5. Television Commercials and Public service announcements 6. Radio Drama and Comedy 7. Radio Commercials and Publïc Service announcements 8. Radïo News writing 9. Television News Writing 10. Semiscripted Programs : Music, talk and interview shows. 11. Special-Interest programing 12. The Job 302.23 JEA SOMMAIRE Déontologie Le droit de la communication Psychologie de la Communication Économie de la communication Un homme et ses idées Graphisme Recherche en communication Sociologie de la communication Analyse de contenu Les organismes de la communication Les infos Les livres Who's who

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Table des matières Préface. 11 L’image, dimension de la société Peut-on empêcher les yeux de voir? 17 L'image en Procès 25 Nous avons un parti à prendre 33 Télé intruse ou troisième Parent ? La télévision est intégrée 43 La télévision, un Pouvoir doux ? 51 Tel problèmes Que faire ? 65 La bande dessinée ou des images en liberté (surveillée?) La B.D., un moyen d'expression fécond 97 Des B.D., pour quoi faire? 113 Tout n'est pas rose rose au royaume de la B'D 125 Relever le défi 149 La publicité ou à qui profite I ‘image Publicité, quand tu nous tiens 171 Les enfants et la Publicité 179 Le conditionnement Publicitaire 187 Consentir ou résister 215 Conclusion : L'image et le regard 253

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Contents (Chronological) Alternate Contents (Topical) List of Boxed Features, Ilustrations, and Tables 1. The Context of Broadcasting 1•1 The Concept of Mass Communication 1•2 Early Communication 1-3 The Rise of Mass Society 1•4 Early Electrical Communication 1•5 Broadcasting: A New Mass Communication Medium 2. The Prehistory of Broadcasting (to 1919) 2-1 Fundamental Wireless Discoveries 2-2 Improvements in Wireless 2-3 Maritime Applications . . 2•4 First Attempts at Regulation 2•5 The First Broadcasters 2•6 Radio at War 2-7 The Stage Is Set 3. The Beginnings of Broadcasting (1920-1926) 3•1 Important Precedents 3•2 The Pioneer Sta tions 3+3 The Start of Networking. 3+4 Early Educational Broadcasting 3-5 The Problem of Financial Support 3-6 Early Radio Programming 3-7 Creation of the Radio Audience 3-8 Further Attempts at Regulation 3-9 Radio's Early Impact 4. The Coming of Commercialism (1926–1933) 4-1 Technology: Better Sound and Early Television 4-2 Sta tions: Structure and Stagnation 4-3 The Rise of National Networks 4-4 The Decline of Educational AM Radio . 4-5 Depression Radio Advertising 4-6 Developing Program Diversity 4-7 Audience: Craze to Consequence 4-8 Regulating Order out of Chaos 4-9 A Growing Social Impact 5. Radio's Golden Age (1934-1941) 5•1 Innovations around the Corner 5•2 Station Expansion 5-3 Network Domination 5•4 Educational Radio: Talk but Little Progress 5•5 The Advertising Agencies Take Over 6-3 The Splitup of NBC and Formation of ABC 6-4 Education Struggles On 6•5 Advertising: Ten-Cent Dollars 6-6 Programming Patriotism 6•9 Radio in a World at War. . . 7. Era of Great Change (1945-1952) 7-1 Technical Innovations: High Fidelity and Television 5•6 The Golden Age of Programming 5•7 Systematic Audience Research 5-8 Fornmative Years of the FCC 5•9 Radio's Role Here and Abroad 6. Radio Goes to War (1941-1945) 6•1 Innovations: Recording Methods 6•2 Stations: Status Quo for the Duration 6-7 The Audience Tunes to Radio's War 6-8 Postwar Planning and Wartime Control. 7-2 Growth of AM, FM, and TelevisT 73 Radio Networks Give Way to Television 7o4 Rebirth of Educational Broadcasting 7-5 Radio Advertising Supports Television 7-6 Programming: Both Heard and Seen 7-7 The lncreasing Demand for Broadcast Services 7-8 Regulating Expansion 7-9 The Impact of Television 8. The Age of Television (1952-1960) S•1 Stereo and Videotape Technology S-2 The Spurt in Station Population 8-3 The Domination of Network Television 8•4 The First ETV Stations 8-5 Advertising: Local Radio and National Television 8-6 Programming Trends in the Fifties 8-7 Viewing Trends and Research 8•8 Crises of Regulatory Confidence 9. Accommodation and Adjustment (1961-1977) 9•1 New Technologies 9-2 Station Population Explosion 9-3 A Continuing Network Pattern.. 9•4 Educational Broadcasting Goes Public 9-5 Advertising Clutter and Consumerism 9•6 Program Specialization and Cycle 9•7 Audience Ratings and Research 9-8 Regulatory Confusion 9.9 The Impact of Broadcasting after 1960. 10. Lessons from the Past for the Future 10-1 Difficulties of Technological Innovation.. 10-2 A Local Station Service 10•3.with National Networks 10-4 Educational or Public Broadcasting. 10-5 Economics of Broadcasting.. 10-6 Programming.. 8-9 The Age of Television Contents (Chronological) 10-7 And What of the Audience? 10-8 Regulation and Policy 10•9 If There Were No Broadcasting? Appendix A: A Short Chronology of American Broadcasting Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: Historical Statistics on Broadcasting . : Appendix D: A Selected Bibliography Index Alternate Contents (Topical) Techn ical Innovations 1•4 Early Electrical Communication . .. 2-1 Fundamental Wireless Discoveries . 2-2 Improvements in Wireless 2-3 Maritime Applications . . 2•6 Radio at War (World War I) 4-1 Better Sound and Early Television (1926-1933) 5-1 Innovations around the Corner (1934-1941) 6•1 Recording Methods (1941-1945) 7•1 High Fidelity and Television (1945-1952) 8-1 Stereo and Videotape Technology (1952-1960) 9-1 New Technologies (1961-1977) ... 10-1 Difficulties of Technological Innovation (Overview) Broadcasting Stations 2•5 The First Broadcasters (to 1919).. 3•2 The Pioneer Stations (1920-1926) ... 4•2 Structure and Stagnation (1926--1933) 5•2 Station Expansion (1934-1941) .. 6-2 Status Quo for the Duration (1941-1945) 7-2 Growth of AM, FM, and Television (1945-1952) 8-2 The Spurt in Station Population (1952-1960) 9-2 Station Population Explosion (1961-1977) 10-2 A Local S tation Service (Overview) Broadcast Networks (1926-1933) ABC (1941-1945) 3-3 The Start of Networking (1920--1926) . 68 4-3 The Rise of National Networks 7-3 Radio Netwworks Give Way to Television (1945-1952) 8-3 The Domination of Network Television (1952-1960) 9-3 A Continuing Network Pattern (1961-1977) 5-3 Network Domination (19341941). . ..156 6-3 The Splitup of NBC and Formation of 10-3 . .. with National Networks (Overview) Educational Broad casting 2-5 The First Broadcasters (to 1919) .. 3•4 Early Educational Broadcasting 5•4 Educational Radio: Talk but Little Broadcast Advertising (1920-1926) 4•4 The Decline of Educational AM Radio 4-5 Depression Radio Advertising 7+5 Radio Advertising Supports Television (1945-1952) Progress (1934-1941) 6-4 Education Struggles On (1941-1945) . 211 7•4 Rebirth of Educational Broadcasting 6-5 Advertising: Ten-Cent Dollars (1941-1945) 8•4 The First ETV Stations (1952-1960) . 331 9•4 Educational Broadcasting Goes Public 10-4 Educational or Public Broadcasting (Overview) 3•5 The Problem of Financial Support 5•5 The Advertising Agencies Take Over 8-5 Local Radio and Nationai Television (7952-1960) 9-5 Advertising (7961- 1977) 10-5 Econonics of Broadcastingz (Overview) Radio-Television Programming (7926- 1933) Chutter and ConsuImerism 5+6 The Golden Age of Programming (7934-1941) 3-6 Early Radio Programming (1920 1926) 7 4-6 Developing P'rogram Diversity 8-6 Programming Trends in the Fifties (1952-1960) 9-6 Programming Specialization and Cycles (1961-1977). 10-6 Programming (Overview) The Broadcast Audience 6-6 Programming Patriotism (1941-1945). 21 7-6 PrOgramming: Both Heard and Seen (1945-1952) 3-7 Creation of the Radio Audience (1920-1926) 4-7 Audience: Craze to Consequence (1926–1933) 5-7 Systematic Audience Research (1934–1941) 6-7 The Audience Tunes to Radio's War (1941–1945) 7-7 The Increasing Demand for Broadcast Services (1945-1952) 8•7 Viewing Trends and Research (1952-1960) 9-7 Audience Ratings and Research (1961-1977) .. 10-7 And What of the Audience? (Overview) Regulatory Trends 3•1 Important Precedents (1919).. 3•8 Further Attempts at Regulation (1920-1926) 4•8 Regulating Order out of Chaos (1926-1933) 2•4 First Attempts at Regulation (to 1919) 5•8 Formative Years of the FCC (1934-1941). 6•8 Postwar Planning and Wartime Control (1941-1945). Alternate Contents (Topical) 7•8 Regulating Expansion 8•8 Crises of Regulatory Confidence (1952-1960) .. Broadcasting and Society (and Foreign 9-8 Regulatory Confusion (1961-1977) .. . 422 10-8 Regulation and Policy (Overview).. 463 Broadcasting) 1-3 The Rise of Mass Society 1•1 The Concept of Mass Communication 1-2 Early Communication 1-5 Broadcasting: A New Mass Communication Medium 2-7 The Stage Is Set (to 1919) 3•9 Radio's Early Impact (1920–1926) (1934-1941) 4-9 A Growing Social Impact (1926-1933) 1 5-9 Radio's Role Here and Abroad 10-9 If There Were No Broadcasting?... 6•9 Radio in a World at War (1941-1945).2 7.9 The Impact of Television (1945-1952) 8.9 The Age of Television (1952-1960) .. 9.9 The Impact of Broadcasting after

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Livre premier: Nos outils de communication Livre deuxième: Lisez mieux Livre troisième: Ecrivez mieux Livre quatrième: Perfectionnez votre Français Livre cinquième: Parlez mieux Livre sixième: Petit précis de grammaire

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Part 1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS The Communication Process The First Speech Understanding Performance Apprehension Responsibilities of Receivers: Effective Listening Responsibilities of Speakers: Ethical Dimensions Creating Credibility Understanding and Adapting to Listeners Part 2 PREPARATION Selecting the Subject and the Purpose Understanding Methods of Presentation Researching a Speech Topic Developing Content Using Reasoning Part 3 THE SPEECH Structuring the Speech Developing Introductions and Conclusions Communicating Nonverbally Communicating Verbally Using Visual Aids Part 4 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION Informative Speaking Persuasive Speaking Evocative Speaking Appendix A The Criticism of Speeches Appendix B Sample Speeches Glossary

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Part 1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS The Communication Process The First Speech Understanding Performance Apprehension Responsibilities of Receivers: Effective Listening Responsibilities of Speakers: Ethical Dimensions Creating Credibility Understanding and Adapting to Listeners Part 2 PREPARATION Selecting the Subject and the Purpose Understanding Methods of Presentation Researching a Speech Topic Developing Content Using Reasoning Part 3 THE SPEECH Structuring the Speech Developing Introductions and Conclusions Communicating Nonverbally Communicating Verbally Using Visual Aids Part 4 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION Informative Speaking Persuasive Speaking Evocative Speaking Appendix A The Criticism of Speeches Appendix B Sample Speeches Glossary

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Part 1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS The Communication Process The First Speech Understanding Performance Apprehension Responsibilities of Receivers: Effective Listening Responsibilities of Speakers: Ethical Dimensions Creating Credibility Understanding and Adapting to Listeners Part 2 PREPARATION Selecting the Subject and the Purpose Understanding Methods of Presentation Researching a Speech Topic Developing Content Using Reasoning Part 3 THE SPEECH Structuring the Speech Developing Introductions and Conclusions Communicating Nonverbally Communicating Verbally Using Visual Aids Part 4 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION Informative Speaking Persuasive Speaking Evocative Speaking Appendix A The Criticism of Speeches Appendix B Sample Speeches Glossary

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Part 1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS The Communication Process The First Speech Understanding Performance Apprehension Responsibilities of Receivers: Effective Listening Responsibilities of Speakers: Ethical Dimensions Creating Credibility Understanding and Adapting to Listeners Part 2 PREPARATION Selecting the Subject and the Purpose Understanding Methods of Presentation Researching a Speech Topic Developing Content Using Reasoning Part 3 THE SPEECH Structuring the Speech Developing Introductions and Conclusions Communicating Nonverbally Communicating Verbally Using Visual Aids Part 4 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION Informative Speaking Persuasive Speaking Evocative Speaking Appendix A The Criticism of Speeches Appendix B Sample Speeches Glossary

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1. Le cadre de réference 2. Propositions pour une axiomatique de la communication 3. La communication pathologique 4. Structure de l'interaction humaine 5. Qui a peur de Virginia Woolf? Littérature et théorie de la communication 6. La communication paradoxale 7. Le paradoxe en psychothérapie Conclusion: Point de vue sur l'existentialisme et la Théorie de la communication humaine