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Fiz 1. TSIOKA NIRITSOKA 1. Volotara 2. Jasmina 3. Zazavavy kely reny 4. Hazon-drano honko 5. Foy 6. Fahazazana 7. Vinany 8. Anjely mby an-tany 8. Riorio Fiz 2. TSIOKA NANDITSOKA 10. Ditsok'ilay tora-pasika 11. Zavon-driaka, zavon-tany 12. Fa voahandy inona hono ry zareo 13. Diavola-mandotso 14. Iny vodilanitra dini-dra iny 15. Nihotsaka ny tany 16. Oran'andro manara 17. Saona -Bereavement- 18. Solitude 19. Raha tsy nahy fa sangy ihany 20. Ladina nifangia 21. Varavaram-by no nanakatona 22. Rintona manambana Fiz 3. TSIKA HANAINGA 23. Nofon-driaka, ranon-tany 24. Toa hazon'ny ririnina 25. Ny hambom_po 26. Vehivavy 27. Ny risi-po 28. Trophy 29. Ampanga 30. Vinanio 31. Rango-pohy sa rango-dava 32. Karohy anaty korontam-bato ao

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Fiz 1. TSIOKA NIRITSOKA 1. Volotara 2. Jasmina 3. Zazavavy kely reny 4. Hazon-drano honko 5. Foy 6. Fahazazana 7. Vinany 8. Anjely mby an-tany 8. Riorio Fiz 2. TSIOKA NANDITSOKA 10. Ditsok'ilay tora-pasika 11. Zavon-driaka, zavon-tany 12. Fa voahandy inona hono ry zareo 13. Diavola-mandotso 14. Iny vodilanitra dini-dra iny 15. Nihotsaka ny tany 16. Oran'andro manara 17. Saona -Bereavement- 18. Solitude 19. Raha tsy nahy fa sangy ihany 20. Ladina nifangia 21. Varavaram-by no nanakatona 22. Rintona manambana Fiz 3. TSIKA HANAINGA 23. Nofon-driaka, ranon-tany 24. Toa hazon'ny ririnina 25. Ny hambom_po 26. Vehivavy 27. Ny risi-po 28. Trophy 29. Ampanga 30. Vinanio 31. Rango-pohy sa rango-dava 32. Karohy anaty korontam-bato ao

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Teny fanolorana Fanafohezan-teny Marika ifanarahana Voambolan-tsehatry ny haiteny FIZARANA VOALOHANY 1-Ny foibe momba ny Teny an'ny Akademia Malagasy Adidy amana andraikiny Ireo andro natokany ho fanandratana ny teny 2-Ny mpanoratra 3-Fanamarihana am-piandohana Ho an'iza ny boky? Ny ho hita ao anaty boky 4-Ny tsara ho fantatra momba ny feni-panoratana 4.1 Ny anjara asan'ny feni-panoratana Fanehoana feo Fanehoana endriteny Anjara asa am-pehezanteny Fanavahana voamboalana Fanehoana fiaviana Fiangetsanana 4.2 Ny niavian'ny feni-panoratana ny teny iray 5-Ny tsara ho fantatra momba ny teny malagasy 5.1 Ny niavian'ny teny malagasy 5.2 Toetry ny teny malagasy Ifankahazoan'ny Malagasy rehetra Tsy tandindomin-doza 5.3 Ny lanjan'ny teny eo amin'ny firenena 5.4 Fahitan'ny mpanoratra sy ny mpandinika ny teny malagasy 6 Fitsipi-panoratana sy fitsipi- pitenenana 6.1 Olana sy vaha olana mikasika ny feo Olana momba ny feo h Vaha olana momba ny feo h Olana momba ny fahakentsonana tapany Vaha olana momba ny fahakentsonana tapany 6.2 Fanakambanana sy fanasaraham-panoratana tohinteny 6.3 Fitsipika mifehy ny kamban-tonona 6.4 Ny fampiasana ny tsipi-panohizana sy faingo mihantona amin'ny tsipelina malagasy Anjara asan'ny faingo mihantona sy tsipi-panohizana eo amin'ny lafiny feo Anjara asan'ny faingo mihantona sy tsipi-panohizana eo amin'ny fifehezanteny 6.5 Momba ny tovana -ana sy -ina 6.5.1 Zanatsokaji-matoanteny mitovana -ina hatrany Matoantenin'ny iharana avy amin'ny mpamari-toetra Matoantenin'ny iharana avy amin'ny avy amin'ny mpamaritra isa milaza fizarana Matoantenin'ny iharana milaza fomba fitondrana zavatra Matoantenin'ny iharana ilazana famelezana Matoantenin'ny iharana avy amin'ny voanteny indrana 6.5.2 Ny sokajy sy zanatsokajy mitovana-ana hatrany Matoantenin'ny mpandray Matoantenin'ny mpamari-toe-javatra Anarana Mahaleo tena Anarana avy amina matoantenin'ny mpamari-toe-javatra Anarana avy amina mpamari-toetra na mifandray amina mpamari-toetra Anarana avy amin'ny mpamaritra isa Matoantenin'ny iharana sasany Anjara asa tazonin'ny fifamaliana -ana/-ina Manavaka ny tovy endrika ny tovana -ana/-ina Manavaka sokajy ny -ana sy -ina Manavaka fitodika ny -ana sy -ina Olana ankehitriny momba ny fanavahana ny ina sy ana Teny kely momba ny mpamari-toetra mitovana Vaha olana ho an'ny mpiteny tsy mampifangaro ny i sy ia Teny famaranana momba ny fandinihana ny tovana -ana sy -ina Raikipohy tsara hotadidina momba ny fampiasana ny tovana -ina Raikipohy tsara tadidina momba ny fampiasana tovana -ana Matoantenin'ny mpandray Matoantenin 'ny mpamari-toe-javatra Anarana Matoantenin'ny iharana FIZARANA FAHAROA Fanitsiana diso Fampiasana h Fanakentsonana tapany Fampiasaana faingo mihantona Fampiasana tsipi-panohizana Fanakambanana na fanasarahana fanoratana tohinteny Fampiasana ny -ana sy -ina Ny fomba fanoratana ny maha sy ho Ny maha Ny ho Andianteny tsy miova fanoratra Ny teny vahiny nogasina Fanamarihana mialoha Toetoetry ny indrana Renifeo mifanesy am-paran-teny Feo t na d mamaram-boanteny -ent (ang) sy -ent (fr) ary -ant (fr) in- en- na em- -ain, -aina sy -en, -enne anaram-pirenena 174 Ny n sy m feo sosona mamaram-boanteny Ny -m lasa m tsy sosona Ny -l lasa l tsy sosona Ny i mamaram-boanteny amin'ny teny frantsay Fanoratana ny feo tsy nisy tamin'ny malagasy ôfisialy hatrizay (o), (y) Tsetsatsetsa tsy aritra Anaram-bolana sy anaran'andro Anaran'andro Anaram-bolana Fampiasana ny azo sy ny afaka ary ny mahazo Tovana voanteny misy na tsy misy h Ady hevitra: abidia sy fomba fiteny Fampidirana tarehintsoratra vaovao u,c,q,x,w Fomba fiteny Loharano nanovozan-kevitra Fizahan-takila

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Toko 1: Ny fifandraisan'ny finoana amam-pomba sy ny lafim-îainana samihafa Toko 2: Ny tandindona Toko 3: Ny fady Toko 4: Ny fanasinana Toko 5: Ny fivavahana Toko 6: Andriamanitra Andriananahary Toko 8:Ny tody Toko 9: Ny fomba fitana na fisantarana vanim-potoana ary fififran-toerana Toko 10: Ny razana Toko 11: Ny sorona Toko 12: Fampiharana ny toeria stroktoraly na ara-drafitra

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Toko 1: Ny fifandraisan'ny finoana amam-pomba sy ny lafim-îainana samihafa Toko 2: Ny tandindona Toko 3: Ny fady Toko 4: Ny fanasinana Toko 5: Ny fivavahana Toko 6: Andriamanitra Andriananahary Toko 8:Ny tody Toko 9: Ny fomba fitana na fisantarana vanim-potoana ary fififran-toerana Toko 10: Ny razana Toko 11: Ny sorona Toko 12: Fampiharana ny toeria stroktoraly na ara-drafitra

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Fiz 1: NY MPIHAVANA Toko 1: Ny tsapan'ny mpihavana mivantana 1. Ny fitenin'ny mpihavana akaiky 2.Ny ambaran'ny fitenin'ny mpihavana 3. Fandinika manana ny hasiny 4. Fandini-panambatra Toko 2: Fizotry ny saina malagasy 1. Ny saina malagasy mamorona ny Fihavanana 2. Vokatr'izany fandinika izany 3. Fanao malagasy 4. Ny maha-iray ny maro araka ny fandinika malagasy 5.Famintinana Fiz 2: NY MPIVADY Toko 1: Ny maha-mpivady malagasy 1. Ny fitenin'ny mpivady 2. Fototry ny Fanambadiana 3. Ny mpivady sy ny mpianadahy 4. Mpivady tatsinana sy mpivady tandrefana Toko 2: Tohiaina mifanohitra 1.Mpianaka mitovy msaranga 2. Mpianadahy-Mpivady 3. Manapaka tsy mahatapaka Fiz 3. NY MPIARA-MONINA Toko 1: Fitambaran'ny olona amin'ny tontolo iainany 1. Aiko ity 2. Vokatr'izany fandinika izany Toko 2: Fihavanana ara-ponenana 1. Aiko ity tontolo iainako ity 2. Ny fototra iorenan'ny fihavanana ara-ponenana 3. Ny adidin'ny mpiara-monina 4. Ny lehibe 5. Ray mamindra ny ainy ny fokonolona 6. Fizotry ny saina malagasy 7. Vokatr'izany fandinika izany 8. Fahefana sy fahafahana 9. Demôkrasia malagasy 10. Voahangy sarobidy Toko 3: Fihavanana ara-pirazanana Fihavanana ara-ponenana 1. Samy manana ny hasiny 2. Mitovy rafitra 3. Mitovy fototra 4. Soatoavina voafetra 5. Fihavanana, fitiavana 6. Fanambadiana: fihavanana anakiroa 7. Loharanon'ny kolontsaina malagasy Fiz 4: FAFY na ALA ONDRANA Toko 1: Taofomban'ny Fafy 1. Fivorian'ny ray aman-dreny 2. Ohatra fafy iray 3. Taofomba hafa 4. Fanazavan'ny ray aman-dreny 5. Ala ondrana tamin'ny andron-dRalambo Toko 2: Hevitra fonosin'ny fafy 1. Fahafatesana 2. Fahotana 3. Maty dia velona Fiz 5: NY OLOMBELONA SY NY ZANAHARY Toko 1: Ny Zanahary 1. Ny fisiana 2. Ny maha-Zanahary 3. Ny fifandraizan'ny olombelona sy ny Zanahary 4. Ny Zanahary sy ny fizaho malagasy Toko 2: Fitambaran'ny asan'ny olombelona sy ny asan'ny Zanahary 1. Hevitry ny Malagasy 2. Hevitry ny Ntaolo 3. Hevitry ny Baiboly 4. Fandinika mila fandalinana 5. Fanamarihana Toko 3: Fizahan-drazana an'izao tontolo izao 1. Amin'ny ankapobeny 2. Ny razana 3. Angatra, biby Toko 4: Ny nahandrobe 1. Fizotry ny nahadrobe 2. Amin"ny ankapobeany 3. Ny hasin'ny fizarana efatra 4. Hevitra fonosin'ny nahandrobe 5. Ny fizotry ny saina malagasy 6. Fivavahan-drazana Fiz 6: RAMALAGASY Toko 1: Ny maha-malagasy 1. Soatoavina itambarana 2. Fandini-panambatra malagasy 3. Vokatry ny fandini-panambatra malagasy 4. Ny tsapan'ny Malagasy ho maha-olombelona 5. Fandini-panambatra, soatoavina, fahatsapana ny maha-olombelona 6. Fitambarana sy fandravonana Toko 2: Lany andro ve? 1. Ny tanora taloha 2. Ny tanora ankehitriny 3. Sady Malagasy no olona tsy ilaozan'ny toetr'andro

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Fiz 1: NY MPIHAVANA Toko 1: Ny tsapan'ny mpihavana mivantana 1. Ny fitenin'ny mpihavana akaiky 2.Ny ambaran'ny fitenin'ny mpihavana 3. Fandinika manana ny hasiny 4. Fandini-panambatra Toko 2: Fizotry ny saina malagasy 1. Ny saina malagasy mamorona ny Fihavanana 2. Vokatr'izany fandinika izany 3. Fanao malagasy 4. Ny maha-iray ny maro araka ny fandinika malagasy 5.Famintinana Fiz 2: NY MPIVADY Toko 1: Ny maha-mpivady malagasy 1. Ny fitenin'ny mpivady 2. Fototry ny Fanambadiana 3. Ny mpivady sy ny mpianadahy 4. Mpivady tatsinana sy mpivady tandrefana Toko 2: Tohiaina mifanohitra 1.Mpianaka mitovy msaranga 2. Mpianadahy-Mpivady 3. Manapaka tsy mahatapaka Fiz 3. NY MPIARA-MONINA Toko 1: Fitambaran'ny olona amin'ny tontolo iainany 1. Aiko ity 2. Vokatr'izany fandinika izany Toko 2: Fihavanana ara-ponenana 1. Aiko ity tontolo iainako ity 2. Ny fototra iorenan'ny fihavanana ara-ponenana 3. Ny adidin'ny mpiara-monina 4. Ny lehibe 5. Ray mamindra ny ainy ny fokonolona 6. Fizotry ny saina malagasy 7. Vokatr'izany fandinika izany 8. Fahefana sy fahafahana 9. Demôkrasia malagasy 10. Voahangy sarobidy Toko 3: Fihavanana ara-pirazanana Fihavanana ara-ponenana 1. Samy manana ny hasiny 2. Mitovy rafitra 3. Mitovy fototra 4. Soatoavina voafetra 5. Fihavanana, fitiavana 6. Fanambadiana: fihavanana anakiroa 7. Loharanon'ny kolontsaina malagasy Fiz 4: FAFY na ALA ONDRANA Toko 1: Taofomban'ny Fafy 1. Fivorian'ny ray aman-dreny 2. Ohatra fafy iray 3. Taofomba hafa 4. Fanazavan'ny ray aman-dreny 5. Ala ondrana tamin'ny andron-dRalambo Toko 2: Hevitra fonosin'ny fafy 1. Fahafatesana 2. Fahotana 3. Maty dia velona Fiz 5: NY OLOMBELONA SY NY ZANAHARY Toko 1: Ny Zanahary 1. Ny fisiana 2. Ny maha-Zanahary 3. Ny fifandraizan'ny olombelona sy ny Zanahary 4. Ny Zanahary sy ny fizaho malagasy Toko 2: Fitambaran'ny asan'ny olombelona sy ny asan'ny Zanahary 1. Hevitry ny Malagasy 2. Hevitry ny Ntaolo 3. Hevitry ny Baiboly 4. Fandinika mila fandalinana 5. Fanamarihana Toko 3: Fizahan-drazana an'izao tontolo izao 1. Amin'ny ankapobeny 2. Ny razana 3. Angatra, biby Toko 4: Ny nahandrobe 1. Fizotry ny nahadrobe 2. Amin"ny ankapobeany 3. Ny hasin'ny fizarana efatra 4. Hevitra fonosin'ny nahandrobe 5. Ny fizotry ny saina malagasy 6. Fivavahan-drazana Fiz 6: RAMALAGASY Toko 1: Ny maha-malagasy 1. Soatoavina itambarana 2. Fandini-panambatra malagasy 3. Vokatry ny fandini-panambatra malagasy 4. Ny tsapan'ny Malagasy ho maha-olombelona 5. Fandini-panambatra, soatoavina, fahatsapana ny maha-olombelona 6. Fitambarana sy fandravonana Toko 2: Lany andro ve? 1. Ny tanora taloha 2. Ny tanora ankehitriny 3. Sady Malagasy no olona tsy ilaozan'ny toetr'andro

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Fampidirana Ireo Teny Arabo tsara ho fantatra. FIZARANAI NY TEOLOUIANNY IRAKA ATAO AMINNY MPINO ISLAMO.. Toko 1 Ny Fototra ara-Baiboly lorenaniny iraka Alao ho an'ny Kolotsaina Samihafa Toko faho-2 Ny DraferAndramentra ho aniny Taranak lsimaela Toko faha-3-Hafatra Feray Malohan ny Andro Fararny. Fitiavna,Fikarakarana Ary fahaizana Mampiantrano Vahiny.. Toko hafa-4 eo Olonny Boky-Ny Advantista Mitarndrina ny Andro Fahafito ve no tian Too Faha-5 Bay Tantara Fampahafantarana (Ny Fanjakan' Andriamanitra) FIZARANA II:NY TANTARANNY ISLAMO Toko fana-6 Ny Vanim Potoana Talohan'ny Nandohan'ny lslamo tany Arabia sy ny Niandohan ny Islamo Toko faha-7 Al-Rashidun Iroo Khalifah Nahazo Fitarihana Tena Marina Toko faha-8 Ireo Khilafah Nifandimby.. Toko faha-9 Ny Ampira Ottoman sy ny Fanavaozana. Toko faha-10 Ireo Ady Masina (Croisade) Nataon ny Kristiana Toko fahe-11. Ny Finoana lslamo Arkehitriny - Ny Froboroboaniny Finoana lslamo ndray FLZARANA III: NY FOTO-PINOANA SY NY FOMBA AMAM-PANAO ISLAMO Toko faha-12 Ny Foto-Pinoana sy ny Fomba Amam-Panacn ny Fncana lslamo Toko faha-13 Ny Kor eny Ny Fanambaràna Aty, Ny Nandamiena ny Toko sy Andrniny ae Anatiny, ary ny Fanaloanane Natao FZARANA IV NY LALANA (SHARIA) NY KOLOTSAINA ARY NY FIARAHAMONINA ISLAM Toko faha-14 Ny Sunnah sy ny Hadith Toko fata-16 Fanpidrana Manakasia rny Sharia (Lalana) syny Halefahamspitsarana (fiah. Toko faha-16 Ny Vehivvy ao anatin ny Fnouna lslamo Toko faha-17 Ny Fioana lslamo Nentim-paharazane iFolk slan FRZARANNA V NY FOMBA FASA AMINNY MPINO ISLAMO Toko faha-18 Nymodelt ny Funibe Fanatrua ny Olcna lvlany Finoana Toko faha-19 Vavaka Farelanlaang nny maiey Fatraanny Ay belany Toko faha-20 Snga Mandrafitra y Drafitrasa Maty Paika Mifandraika amin'ny AMR (Adventiste Muslim Relationship- Fifarndraisana eo aminny Advantista sy ny Mpino islarno) 159 Toko fase-21 Ny Fandindrana ny Ministeran'ny AMR Toko fatha-22 Ny Fanokokoloana sy ny Fanaovana ireo Olona Vao Niova Fo ho Tonga Mpianatra- Taparny Toko fahe-23: Ny Fanolokoloana sy ny Fanaovana ny Hafa ho Tonga Mpianatra, amin'ny Alalan'ny Hetsika Fampitombona ny Isan'ny Olona - Ampahany l. Toko faha-24 Fampvelarana sy Fananganana Fiangonana an-Tokarntrano ho an'ny MTI.195 Toko fahe-25 Ireo Porafo Famantarana ao anmin' ny Kor any (Lesora 7) Toko faha-26 Avy aminny Korany ho amin'ny Baiboly (Lesona 6) Toko fahe-27: Sirat al-Mustaqeem (lay Làlana Mahitsy) Toko faha-28: Al-Rahman (Ny Fahasoavanii Allah). FZARANA VI TARI-DÀLANA FIANARANA HO ANNY ISLAMO Toko feha-29 AlHRaheern (Ny Indrafon'i Allah) -- Inona no antony nahatongavan'Isa al Masih? Toko faha-30. reo Anaran'i Jesosy ao amin'ny Kor'any Toko faha-31: Ny Fahafatesany Jesosy Toko fahe-32. Kalirnaulah sy Ruhalah Toko faha-33 Mparrinarny Fotsiny ve i lsa Al Masih? Toko faha 34: Ny Toetra Lehibe indrindra Mampiavaka an'i Alah.

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FIZAHAN-TAKILA Fianakaviana tafita... Tiavina sy Nantenaina.. Mahantra isika... Vola ny fahantrana Rasambatra mpiasa tany Azo atao ny tafita... Zonao ny ho tafita Ravoalavo mpiasa ... Mila miova rafi-pisainana .. Ranofy sy ny hazo mahagaga .. Ny vola sy ny mahantra ny vola sy ny manana. Ny asa sy ny fifandraisana Miova ny fiainana Mila miofana... Ireo fepetra takina.. Ny faniriana mivaivay... Tsy tiako izao Ny safidy sy ny fanapahan-kevitra... Ny ray aman-dreny ... Ny zanaka. Ny fikasana sy ny vina a..... Ny tetika sy paika. Ny fiarahamonina. Ny loharanom-bola .. Ny fivelomana.. Ny fananganana harer Fehiny sy famaranana ....

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FANOROAM-PEJY Voalohany Toko : Ny Fiandohana Fahagolan-tany. Faritra samihafa eto Madagasikara. Toko faha-2 :I. Ny Faritr' Anosy. II. Ny Faritra Masikoro Tsienimbalala. III. Ny aritr' Androy. Toko faha-3 :I. Ny Faritr'i Mahafaly. II. Ny Faritr'i Fiherenana. II. Ny Faritra Zafisoro Toko faha-4 : Ny Faritr'i Menabe. Toko faha-5 : Ny Faritr'i Boina.. Toko faha 6: Ny Faritr' Antakaran: Toko faha-7 : Ny Faritr' Antaisaka. Toko faha-8 : I. Ny Faritr' Antefasy. Toko faha-9 : Ny Faritr'Antaimoro. Toko faha-10 :I. Ny Faritra Antanala. II. Ny Faritra Antambahoaka.. Toko faha-11 : Ny Faritra Betsimisaraka. Toko faha-12 : Ny faritra Bara. Toko faha-13 : Ny Faritra Betsileo. Toko faha-14 :Ny Faritr'Imerina. Toko faha-15 :Ny Faritr'Ankay Bezanozano. Toko faha-16 : I. Ny Faritr' Antsihanaka- II. Ny Faritr'i Marofotsy.. Toko faha-17 : Ny Faritr'i Tsimihety. Toko faha-18 : Ny Fanandevozana teto Madagasikara. Toko faha-19 : Ny mpandositra sy ny mpitsoa-ponenana.- Toko falha-20: Radama I. Toko faha-21 : Ranavalona I. Toko faha-22 : Radamna II Toko faha-23:Rasoherina. Toko faha-24:Ranavalona II. Toko faha-25: Ranavalona III. ny ady sy ny faharesena. Toko faha-26 :Ny niakaran'ny Frantsay : Toko faha-27 : Ny rafi-panjakana vaovao. Toko faha-28 : Gallieni sy Augagneur. Toko faha-29 : Ny taona 1910-1918 :I. Ny VVS. II. Ny Ady Lehibe. Toko faha-30 : Ny Taona 1918-1939. Toko faha-31 : Ny fotoanan'ny Ady Lehibe teto Madagasikara. Toko faha-32 : Ny toe-draharaha politika taorianan'ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Toko faha 33 : Ny raharahan'ny 47. Toko faha-34 :Ny taona 1948-1958 : Fotoana tetezamita. Toko faha-35 : Ny Fahaleovantena. Toko faha-36 : Ny Repoblika Malagasy Janoary 1970 - Oktobra 1972. Oktobra 1972 - Desambra 1975. Toko faha-37 : Ny Repoblika Malagasy Toko faha-38 : Ny repoblika Demokratika Malagasy.. Toko faha-39 : Ny Hery Velona. Toko faha-40: Ny Repoblikan'i Madagasikara. Toko faha-41 : Ny Fifidianana Prezidan'ny Repoblika tamin'ny Desambra 2001. Toko faha-42 : Ny taona 2002-2009. Toko faha-43 : Ny Krizy. Toko faha-44 : Ny Ezaka fanarenana.

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1. FANAGASIANA NY FAMPIANARANA 2. FANAGASIANA NY TOEKARENA 3. FANAGASIANA NY TEOTSAINA SY NY FOMBA FISAINANA

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1. FANAGASIANA NY FAMPIANARANA 2. FANAGASIANA NY TOEKARENA 3. FANAGASIANA NY TEOTSAINA SY NY FOMBA FISAINANA

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CHAPTER I 1. LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER II DEFINITE ARTICLE 2. Article "NY". INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND OMISSION OF ARTICLES 3. Article "NY" omitted PERSONAL ARTICLES 4. Article "I". 5. Article "RA". 6. Article "AN" 7. Article "ANDRIA". 8. Article "RY". 9. Articles LAY, ILAY, LAHY, LEHY, ILEHY, ILEHIRY, ILEHITY... CHAPTER III PERSONAL PRONOUNS 10. (a) All nominative case pronouns (agent of active) begin with letter "i".. (b) All accusative (direct object) and possessive cases pronouns beginwith letter "a". (c) When these pronouns are suffixed to root form (1) Possessive case (2) Ablative (agent of passive and relative) cases (3) Dative case (indirect object) (d) Reflexive pronoun (e) Reciprocal forms (f) Intimate pronouns 11. Root words composed with more than two syllables and ending in syllables KA, TRA, ΝΑ CHAPTER IV DEMONSTRATIVE / LOCATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 12. They are used to demonstrate.... (a) The most common demonstrative particles beginning with "a", "i","e", infix "t, ts, n. r". (b) The demonstrative particles can be translated by there, this...... VISIBLE DISTANCE, UNSEEN DISTANCE (c) They are used ....to smooth the demonstrative impact (d) Present. Past. Future. Gender. Number. Vague. (e) Use of "faha". (f) Use of "ho", or "no ho". (g) Use of "mank" and particularity of "any". (h) Remark (i) When demonstrative particles are repeated (j) The use of demonstrative/locative particles with relative verbs (k) The case of "izay". INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES 13. Used as substitutes to persons, animals, inanimate (a) They to not make distinction of number and gender. (b) "IZA" ?-ZOVY? (c) INONA? (d) Intercalation of "no". (e) Possessive. (f) Place "An'inona". (g) Do not confuse with "aninona, haninona (h) Doubling the interrogatives and using particles "na", "sa" CHAPTER V ROOTS and VERBS 14. The key to the Malagasy language is the verb, the key to the verb is the root THE ROOTS may be (a) a simple active or passive verb, a substantive, an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection (b) secondary roots (c) From a root, may derive a multiplicity of noun and verbal forms, compound substantive, substantive composed of many elements, substantive of usual manner or an agent substantive, an adjective 15. VERBS: SIMPLE STRUTURE (a) The verbal root does not change form whatever the person and the number of the subject (b) The personal pronouns are the elements in which we determine person an number of subjects (c) Auxiliary verbs like "to be", " to have", "to do" and their derivatives do not exist in Malagasy. There is no verb "to be". (d) Tenses of verbs: Three tenses are used in Malagasy 16. ACTIVE VERBS (a) Active verbs: transitive, beginning with "m", "mi", "ma", "man". 16 (a)(1): "M", "Mi" suffixed to roots 16 (a) (2): "Ma", "Mam", "Man" suffixed to roots beginning. with vowels a, e, i, o and consonants b, d,, g, j, n (b) Active verbs: Intransitive. Sometimes begin with "mi", "mian", "miha", "mitan", except "tonga", "tamy", "avy". "Ma", "man", "mana", "mank", "manka", "maha". 16 (b)(1): "M", "Mi" forming active intransitive verbs (c) "Ma", "Mam", "Man" form active intransitive verbs 16 (c)(1): Most consonants at the beginning of a root are dropped 16 (c)(2): "M", "Mi", "Man" prefixed to roots beginning with vowels or with consonants d, g, j... 16 (c)(3): Roots beginning with "h".. 16 (c)(4): Roots beginning with "l, r, z:..." changes to d, dr, j, k... 16 (c) (5): With "Man", one must drop s, t at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(6): "Man" becomes "Mam", when f, and p drop at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(7): "Ma" is only suffixed to roots beginning with m or n. 16 (c)(8): Sometimes "Man" becomes "Mam" when taking the place of v, or b, at the beginning of a root (d) Derivatives form "ma" and "mi" 16 (d)(1): Derivatives "mana", "mian", "miank", "miants", "mitan".. 16 (d)(2): Derivatives suffixes are developed later (sec. 18>>18c 17. INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES. (a) The negative form is obtained with use of "tsy". Negative imperative "aza + active verb.. (b) Interrogative from "moa", "ve", "moa...ve" (c) The negative-Interrogative form "Tsy....ve?". "Moa...tsy" (d) The Gerundive form (verbal substantive). (e) The progressive and frequentative forms. Use of adverb "mbola" The simple progressive introduced with prefix "miha" (f) The Reflexive form, use of reflexive pronoun "tena".. (g) Equivalent of defective or auxiliary verbs afaka, mety, sahy, mila, aoka, tokony, tsy maintsy, azo, mahazo, tia (ta-, te-), misy (h) Impersonal verbs preceded by "ny", or negative "ny tsy". (i) Ellipse verbs does not exist (j) Emphatic form use particles dia, no, tokoa, tena, indrindra, manko/mantsy. (k) The conditional form is obtained with use of "raha".. (1) The Duplicative form of all forms is developed below (Sec. 26(a)(5). 18. MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES (a) PROGRESSIVE FORM: Prefix "miha". (b) CAUSATIVE FORM (c) RECIPROCAL FORM (d) CAUSATIVE-RECIPROCAL (e) RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE CHAPTER VI COMPLEX STRUCTURES. PASSIVE FORMS 19. The complements to the verbs become subjects or predicates to the action (a) May be obtained by adjoining prefixes or suffixes to... - 19 (a)(1): Use of the prefixes "tafa", "voa" 19 (a)(2): Use of prefixes "a". 19 (a)(3): Root passives. Use of suffixes "ina", "ana" 19 (a)(4): Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na". Use of suffixe "na". Use of suffix "ena" 19 (a)(4): Passives from causative Passive from reciprocal Passive from causative-reciprocal Passive from reciprocal-causative Note: Abstract nouns obtained from relative verbs cannot (a)(5): Passive with use of "infixes" -in-, -si, z- Note: All passive forms may be [u in pas, present and future IMPERATIVE VERBS 20. FORMATION OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE (a): The active imperative. (b): One of the consonants f, m, s, v, z may be inserted before the final imperative "a". (c): Active verbs ending with "y" should be "ia" in the imperative form. "ia" contracts to "e" (d): Active verbs from root ending with "y" : add to their final syllable "a" to obtain an active imperative form (e): Active verbs with final "ka", "tra", "na", "ny": the letter "k" changes to "h". Letters "t" and "r" may drop. Accent shift to... (f): The active imperative is only followed by one or two accusative and cannot be suffixed with a personal pronoun (g): USE OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 21. (a): FORMATION OF PASSIVE IMPERATIVES Non-accented letters "a", "o", "y" or accented "e" on the final syllable of a passive verbs, adjectives, or shifting the accent... FORMATION RULE (b): Substitute letter "o", "y", or "oy" to final suffixes "ana", "ina", "ena... (c): Keep passive prefixes "a" and the passive form, substitute "o", "y", "oy" to final passive "ina", "ana", "ena". Some rule may supply... (d): Accent on final "a". Or add final "a" root noun / adjective ending with "o", "у". Or shift accent to pre-final syllable (e): When final imperative "e" is the contracted form of "ia", infix "s, v, z, f" is introduced (f): Add non-accented letters "y", "o", or "a"; letters "s, v, z, f' may be infixed to root noun /adjective ending with "a". (g): Imperative Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na".. (h): Add at the end neutral or appropriate personal pronouns followed by the eventual accusative complement (i): Use of the imperative-passive. Add "mba" or "mba...kely", "aoka".. (j): Perfective Passive prefixes "voa" and "tafa". (a): Active and passive imperative of the following forms: causative, causative-reciprocal, reciprocal-causative forms 22 (a)(1): Simple forms. Active, passive, imperative, relative 22 (a)(2): Rules to form causative-imperative 22 (a)(3): Rules to form the reciprocal-active-imperative 22 (a)(4): Rules to form the causative-reciprocal active imperative 22 (a)(5): Rules to form the reciprocal-causative imperative 22 (a)(6): Rules to form relative forms: Drop "m" of the active voice, add the eventual infix "s", and end with "ana"АМЯОЧ Change prefix "an" with causative "amp", reciprocal "ifan", causative-reciprocal "ampi", and reciprocal-causative "ampifamp".. Note: Active relative and passive relative are the same in all cases and end with "ana"; a shift of accent.... 23. NEGATIVE-IMPERATIVE. "Aza" is placed before the verb, the root verb and root adjective, in all prohibitive forms (a): The circumstances in which action is accomplished can be a matter positive and negative imperative (b): When the prohibitive "aza" is used 24. USE OF THE RELATIVE FORM The relative voice is used in TWELVE cases. Neutral, future and past tenses... 24 (a)(1): Relation of TIME 24 (a)(2): Relation of PLACE 24 (a)(3): Relation of MANNER 24 (a)(4): Relation of INSTRUMENT. 24 (a)(5): Relation of REASON-OCCASION-CAUSE..... 24 (a)(6): Relation of REASON-GOAL-PURPOSE 24 (a)(7): Relation of PRICE 24 (a)(8): PERSON FOR/FROM WHOM, THING FOR/FROM WHICH 24 (a)(9): PARTITIVE RELATION to 24 (a)(10): PASSIVE RELATION, NEUTRAL TENSE..... 24 (a)(11): NY + RELATIVE = an abstract or a verbal noun 24(a)(12): EQUIVALENCE WITH ENGLISH GERUNDIVE.... 24(a)(13): THE IMPERATIVE RELATIVE: Rule CHAPTER VII 25. NOUNS. (a): Are nouns, or have the value of common nouns. 25 (a)(1): There is no distinction of gender for Malagasy nouns 25 (2)(2): There are neither prefixes nor suffixes to mark the plural (b): Nouns from all verbal forms preceded by appropriate prefixes 25 (b)(1): Nouns from active verbs 25 (b)(2): Nouns from active causative verbs 25 (b)(3): Nouns from active reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(4): Nouns from active causative-reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(5): Nouns from relative forms of verbs, preceded with "f, fa, fan, fi, faha" and ending with "ana". 25 (b)(6): Adjectives and nouns from relative forms of verbs preceded by "ha, faha" and ending with "ana" to express an abstract meaning, a status of being 25 (b)(7): Nouns formed from root ending with relative suffix "ana, ena". 25 (b)(8): A nouns may be adjoined to another noun to form a compounded noun with an apposition or a genitive sense 25 (b)(9): Nouns of persons: all personal names have some distinct meaning 25 (b)(10): Nouns of place: all names have some distinct meaning CHAPTER VII 26. ADJECTIVES 26 (a)(1): There are three sorts of adjectives: root adjectives, participles and passive verbs, composed adjectives formed with the root preceded by prefixes "m,ma" or root ending with suffixes "ana, ina, ena". 26 (a)(2): An adjective may play the role of-an epithet, an attribute, an adjective of material... 26 (a)(3): When a adjective precedes a noun Vдтя not introduced by "ny", it may be used as an attribute or an epithet 26 (a)(4): Tenses in adjectives 26 (a)(5): Reduplicated form. 26 (a)(6): Adjectives of color 26 (a)(7): Comparative an superlative adjectives 26 (a)(8): Imperative from adjective ΚΥ 27. HOW TO COUNT. (a) THE NUMERALS.. How to say. 28. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS (a) 25 Possibilities of forms 29. MONETARY SYSTEM 30. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS 31. THE HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS 31 (a)(1): HOURS counted from 1 to 12 preceded with "amin'ny" and followed with -maraina, antoandro, tolakandro, hariva, alina 31 (a)(2): Minutes counted by unit of 1 to 60 followed b "sy", "mahery, latsaka, of five minutes, the hour + 10 mn, etc... 31 (a)(3): The seconds, counted by unit from 1 to 60 CHAPTER VIII 32. ADVERBS (a) Adverbs of place (b) Adverbs of time (c) Adverbs of manner and degree (d) Adverbs of affirmation, negation (e) Adverbs of doubt (f) Interrogative adverbs (g) Adverbs of quality, quantity or manner. (h) Place of adverb in a sentence 33. PREPOSITIONS: simple and compound (a) Simple prepositions (b) Compound prepositions (c) Syntactic c (a)(1): Syntactic Note (1): do not require the use of... c (b)(2): Syntactic Note (2): In the case of double accusatives c (c)(3): Verbs may substitute prepositions 34. CONJUNCTIONS (a) Serving to connect words woH (b) Serving to connect words in a phrase that form a syntactic unit (c) Serving to connect various clauses: (1) Conditional, (2) Causal, (3) Declarative, (4) Inferential,. (5) Final, (6) Temporal (d) Serving to connect independent sentences to subordinate sentences (e) Syntactic rules for conjunctions 35. INTERJECTIONS Place of interjections CHAPTER IX. 36. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (a) In Malagasy there are phrases without verbs and with verbs 36 (a)(1): Phrases without verbs 36 (a)(2): Phrases with verbs (b): SUBJECT. 36 (b)(1): The subject of a verb may be a... 36 (b)(2): Place of subject (c) INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT. 36 (c)(1): Particle "No" applies an emphatic sense to the subject and at the same time isolates it from... "No" occurs in constructions of Assertive, interrogative, imperative, hortative, 120 negative-imperative sentences Sentences with indication of time, place, cause, reason... 36 (c)(2): Particle "Dia". to clearly point out the subject to establish a balance between two phrases in a sentence to mark the superlative 37. COMPLEMENT (a) The complement may be a noun, a verb, a.... (b) The complement may be a noun, a pronoun.... (c) Place of the complement: 37(c)(1) to.......(37(c)(8) 38. TWO MAIN DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME 38 (a)(1) - The possibility for the subject to change place 38 (b)(1) - The importance of identifying roots

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CHAPTER I 1. LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER II DEFINITE ARTICLE 2. Article "NY". INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND OMISSION OF ARTICLES 3. Article "NY" omitted PERSONAL ARTICLES 4. Article "I". 5. Article "RA". 6. Article "AN" 7. Article "ANDRIA". 8. Article "RY". 9. Articles LAY, ILAY, LAHY, LEHY, ILEHY, ILEHIRY, ILEHITY... CHAPTER III PERSONAL PRONOUNS 10. (a) All nominative case pronouns (agent of active) begin with letter "i".. (b) All accusative (direct object) and possessive cases pronouns beginwith letter "a". (c) When these pronouns are suffixed to root form (1) Possessive case (2) Ablative (agent of passive and relative) cases (3) Dative case (indirect object) (d) Reflexive pronoun (e) Reciprocal forms (f) Intimate pronouns 11. Root words composed with more than two syllables and ending in syllables KA, TRA, ΝΑ CHAPTER IV DEMONSTRATIVE / LOCATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 12. They are used to demonstrate.... (a) The most common demonstrative particles beginning with "a", "i","e", infix "t, ts, n. r". (b) The demonstrative particles can be translated by there, this...... VISIBLE DISTANCE, UNSEEN DISTANCE (c) They are used ....to smooth the demonstrative impact (d) Present. Past. Future. Gender. Number. Vague. (e) Use of "faha". (f) Use of "ho", or "no ho". (g) Use of "mank" and particularity of "any". (h) Remark (i) When demonstrative particles are repeated (j) The use of demonstrative/locative particles with relative verbs (k) The case of "izay". INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES 13. Used as substitutes to persons, animals, inanimate (a) They to not make distinction of number and gender. (b) "IZA" ?-ZOVY? (c) INONA? (d) Intercalation of "no". (e) Possessive. (f) Place "An'inona". (g) Do not confuse with "aninona, haninona (h) Doubling the interrogatives and using particles "na", "sa" CHAPTER V ROOTS and VERBS 14. The key to the Malagasy language is the verb, the key to the verb is the root THE ROOTS may be (a) a simple active or passive verb, a substantive, an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection (b) secondary roots (c) From a root, may derive a multiplicity of noun and verbal forms, compound substantive, substantive composed of many elements, substantive of usual manner or an agent substantive, an adjective 15. VERBS: SIMPLE STRUTURE (a) The verbal root does not change form whatever the person and the number of the subject (b) The personal pronouns are the elements in which we determine person an number of subjects (c) Auxiliary verbs like "to be", " to have", "to do" and their derivatives do not exist in Malagasy. There is no verb "to be". (d) Tenses of verbs: Three tenses are used in Malagasy 16. ACTIVE VERBS (a) Active verbs: transitive, beginning with "m", "mi", "ma", "man". 16 (a)(1): "M", "Mi" suffixed to roots 16 (a) (2): "Ma", "Mam", "Man" suffixed to roots beginning. with vowels a, e, i, o and consonants b, d,, g, j, n (b) Active verbs: Intransitive. Sometimes begin with "mi", "mian", "miha", "mitan", except "tonga", "tamy", "avy". "Ma", "man", "mana", "mank", "manka", "maha". 16 (b)(1): "M", "Mi" forming active intransitive verbs (c) "Ma", "Mam", "Man" form active intransitive verbs 16 (c)(1): Most consonants at the beginning of a root are dropped 16 (c)(2): "M", "Mi", "Man" prefixed to roots beginning with vowels or with consonants d, g, j... 16 (c)(3): Roots beginning with "h".. 16 (c)(4): Roots beginning with "l, r, z:..." changes to d, dr, j, k... 16 (c) (5): With "Man", one must drop s, t at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(6): "Man" becomes "Mam", when f, and p drop at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(7): "Ma" is only suffixed to roots beginning with m or n. 16 (c)(8): Sometimes "Man" becomes "Mam" when taking the place of v, or b, at the beginning of a root (d) Derivatives form "ma" and "mi" 16 (d)(1): Derivatives "mana", "mian", "miank", "miants", "mitan".. 16 (d)(2): Derivatives suffixes are developed later (sec. 18>>18c 17. INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES. (a) The negative form is obtained with use of "tsy". Negative imperative "aza + active verb.. (b) Interrogative from "moa", "ve", "moa...ve" (c) The negative-Interrogative form "Tsy....ve?". "Moa...tsy" (d) The Gerundive form (verbal substantive). (e) The progressive and frequentative forms. Use of adverb "mbola" The simple progressive introduced with prefix "miha" (f) The Reflexive form, use of reflexive pronoun "tena".. (g) Equivalent of defective or auxiliary verbs afaka, mety, sahy, mila, aoka, tokony, tsy maintsy, azo, mahazo, tia (ta-, te-), misy (h) Impersonal verbs preceded by "ny", or negative "ny tsy". (i) Ellipse verbs does not exist (j) Emphatic form use particles dia, no, tokoa, tena, indrindra, manko/mantsy. (k) The conditional form is obtained with use of "raha".. (1) The Duplicative form of all forms is developed below (Sec. 26(a)(5). 18. MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES (a) PROGRESSIVE FORM: Prefix "miha". (b) CAUSATIVE FORM (c) RECIPROCAL FORM (d) CAUSATIVE-RECIPROCAL (e) RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE CHAPTER VI COMPLEX STRUCTURES. PASSIVE FORMS 19. The complements to the verbs become subjects or predicates to the action (a) May be obtained by adjoining prefixes or suffixes to... - 19 (a)(1): Use of the prefixes "tafa", "voa" 19 (a)(2): Use of prefixes "a". 19 (a)(3): Root passives. Use of suffixes "ina", "ana" 19 (a)(4): Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na". Use of suffixe "na". Use of suffix "ena" 19 (a)(4): Passives from causative Passive from reciprocal Passive from causative-reciprocal Passive from reciprocal-causative Note: Abstract nouns obtained from relative verbs cannot (a)(5): Passive with use of "infixes" -in-, -si, z- Note: All passive forms may be [u in pas, present and future IMPERATIVE VERBS 20. FORMATION OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE (a): The active imperative. (b): One of the consonants f, m, s, v, z may be inserted before the final imperative "a". (c): Active verbs ending with "y" should be "ia" in the imperative form. "ia" contracts to "e" (d): Active verbs from root ending with "y" : add to their final syllable "a" to obtain an active imperative form (e): Active verbs with final "ka", "tra", "na", "ny": the letter "k" changes to "h". Letters "t" and "r" may drop. Accent shift to... (f): The active imperative is only followed by one or two accusative and cannot be suffixed with a personal pronoun (g): USE OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 21. (a): FORMATION OF PASSIVE IMPERATIVES Non-accented letters "a", "o", "y" or accented "e" on the final syllable of a passive verbs, adjectives, or shifting the accent... FORMATION RULE (b): Substitute letter "o", "y", or "oy" to final suffixes "ana", "ina", "ena... (c): Keep passive prefixes "a" and the passive form, substitute "o", "y", "oy" to final passive "ina", "ana", "ena". Some rule may supply... (d): Accent on final "a". Or add final "a" root noun / adjective ending with "o", "у". Or shift accent to pre-final syllable (e): When final imperative "e" is the contracted form of "ia", infix "s, v, z, f" is introduced (f): Add non-accented letters "y", "o", or "a"; letters "s, v, z, f' may be infixed to root noun /adjective ending with "a". (g): Imperative Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na".. (h): Add at the end neutral or appropriate personal pronouns followed by the eventual accusative complement (i): Use of the imperative-passive. Add "mba" or "mba...kely", "aoka".. (j): Perfective Passive prefixes "voa" and "tafa". (a): Active and passive imperative of the following forms: causative, causative-reciprocal, reciprocal-causative forms 22 (a)(1): Simple forms. Active, passive, imperative, relative 22 (a)(2): Rules to form causative-imperative 22 (a)(3): Rules to form the reciprocal-active-imperative 22 (a)(4): Rules to form the causative-reciprocal active imperative 22 (a)(5): Rules to form the reciprocal-causative imperative 22 (a)(6): Rules to form relative forms: Drop "m" of the active voice, add the eventual infix "s", and end with "ana"АМЯОЧ Change prefix "an" with causative "amp", reciprocal "ifan", causative-reciprocal "ampi", and reciprocal-causative "ampifamp".. Note: Active relative and passive relative are the same in all cases and end with "ana"; a shift of accent.... 23. NEGATIVE-IMPERATIVE. "Aza" is placed before the verb, the root verb and root adjective, in all prohibitive forms (a): The circumstances in which action is accomplished can be a matter positive and negative imperative (b): When the prohibitive "aza" is used 24. USE OF THE RELATIVE FORM The relative voice is used in TWELVE cases. Neutral, future and past tenses... 24 (a)(1): Relation of TIME 24 (a)(2): Relation of PLACE 24 (a)(3): Relation of MANNER 24 (a)(4): Relation of INSTRUMENT. 24 (a)(5): Relation of REASON-OCCASION-CAUSE..... 24 (a)(6): Relation of REASON-GOAL-PURPOSE 24 (a)(7): Relation of PRICE 24 (a)(8): PERSON FOR/FROM WHOM, THING FOR/FROM WHICH 24 (a)(9): PARTITIVE RELATION to 24 (a)(10): PASSIVE RELATION, NEUTRAL TENSE..... 24 (a)(11): NY + RELATIVE = an abstract or a verbal noun 24(a)(12): EQUIVALENCE WITH ENGLISH GERUNDIVE.... 24(a)(13): THE IMPERATIVE RELATIVE: Rule CHAPTER VII 25. NOUNS. (a): Are nouns, or have the value of common nouns. 25 (a)(1): There is no distinction of gender for Malagasy nouns 25 (2)(2): There are neither prefixes nor suffixes to mark the plural (b): Nouns from all verbal forms preceded by appropriate prefixes 25 (b)(1): Nouns from active verbs 25 (b)(2): Nouns from active causative verbs 25 (b)(3): Nouns from active reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(4): Nouns from active causative-reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(5): Nouns from relative forms of verbs, preceded with "f, fa, fan, fi, faha" and ending with "ana". 25 (b)(6): Adjectives and nouns from relative forms of verbs preceded by "ha, faha" and ending with "ana" to express an abstract meaning, a status of being 25 (b)(7): Nouns formed from root ending with relative suffix "ana, ena". 25 (b)(8): A nouns may be adjoined to another noun to form a compounded noun with an apposition or a genitive sense 25 (b)(9): Nouns of persons: all personal names have some distinct meaning 25 (b)(10): Nouns of place: all names have some distinct meaning CHAPTER VII 26. ADJECTIVES 26 (a)(1): There are three sorts of adjectives: root adjectives, participles and passive verbs, composed adjectives formed with the root preceded by prefixes "m,ma" or root ending with suffixes "ana, ina, ena". 26 (a)(2): An adjective may play the role of-an epithet, an attribute, an adjective of material... 26 (a)(3): When a adjective precedes a noun Vдтя not introduced by "ny", it may be used as an attribute or an epithet 26 (a)(4): Tenses in adjectives 26 (a)(5): Reduplicated form. 26 (a)(6): Adjectives of color 26 (a)(7): Comparative an superlative adjectives 26 (a)(8): Imperative from adjective ΚΥ 27. HOW TO COUNT. (a) THE NUMERALS.. How to say. 28. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS (a) 25 Possibilities of forms 29. MONETARY SYSTEM 30. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS 31. THE HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS 31 (a)(1): HOURS counted from 1 to 12 preceded with "amin'ny" and followed with -maraina, antoandro, tolakandro, hariva, alina 31 (a)(2): Minutes counted by unit of 1 to 60 followed b "sy", "mahery, latsaka, of five minutes, the hour + 10 mn, etc... 31 (a)(3): The seconds, counted by unit from 1 to 60 CHAPTER VIII 32. ADVERBS (a) Adverbs of place (b) Adverbs of time (c) Adverbs of manner and degree (d) Adverbs of affirmation, negation (e) Adverbs of doubt (f) Interrogative adverbs (g) Adverbs of quality, quantity or manner. (h) Place of adverb in a sentence 33. PREPOSITIONS: simple and compound (a) Simple prepositions (b) Compound prepositions (c) Syntactic c (a)(1): Syntactic Note (1): do not require the use of... c (b)(2): Syntactic Note (2): In the case of double accusatives c (c)(3): Verbs may substitute prepositions 34. CONJUNCTIONS (a) Serving to connect words woH (b) Serving to connect words in a phrase that form a syntactic unit (c) Serving to connect various clauses: (1) Conditional, (2) Causal, (3) Declarative, (4) Inferential,. (5) Final, (6) Temporal (d) Serving to connect independent sentences to subordinate sentences (e) Syntactic rules for conjunctions 35. INTERJECTIONS Place of interjections CHAPTER IX. 36. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (a) In Malagasy there are phrases without verbs and with verbs 36 (a)(1): Phrases without verbs 36 (a)(2): Phrases with verbs (b): SUBJECT. 36 (b)(1): The subject of a verb may be a... 36 (b)(2): Place of subject (c) INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT. 36 (c)(1): Particle "No" applies an emphatic sense to the subject and at the same time isolates it from... "No" occurs in constructions of Assertive, interrogative, imperative, hortative, 120 negative-imperative sentences Sentences with indication of time, place, cause, reason... 36 (c)(2): Particle "Dia". to clearly point out the subject to establish a balance between two phrases in a sentence to mark the superlative 37. COMPLEMENT (a) The complement may be a noun, a verb, a.... (b) The complement may be a noun, a pronoun.... (c) Place of the complement: 37(c)(1) to.......(37(c)(8) 38. TWO MAIN DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME 38 (a)(1) - The possibility for the subject to change place 38 (b)(1) - The importance of identifying roots

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CHAPTER I 1. LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER II DEFINITE ARTICLE 2. Article "NY". INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND OMISSION OF ARTICLES 3. Article "NY" omitted PERSONAL ARTICLES 4. Article "I". 5. Article "RA". 6. Article "AN" 7. Article "ANDRIA". 8. Article "RY". 9. Articles LAY, ILAY, LAHY, LEHY, ILEHY, ILEHIRY, ILEHITY... CHAPTER III PERSONAL PRONOUNS 10. (a) All nominative case pronouns (agent of active) begin with letter "i".. (b) All accusative (direct object) and possessive cases pronouns beginwith letter "a". (c) When these pronouns are suffixed to root form (1) Possessive case (2) Ablative (agent of passive and relative) cases (3) Dative case (indirect object) (d) Reflexive pronoun (e) Reciprocal forms (f) Intimate pronouns 11. Root words composed with more than two syllables and ending in syllables KA, TRA, ΝΑ CHAPTER IV DEMONSTRATIVE / LOCATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 12. They are used to demonstrate.... (a) The most common demonstrative particles beginning with "a", "i","e", infix "t, ts, n. r". (b) The demonstrative particles can be translated by there, this...... VISIBLE DISTANCE, UNSEEN DISTANCE (c) They are used ....to smooth the demonstrative impact (d) Present. Past. Future. Gender. Number. Vague. (e) Use of "faha". (f) Use of "ho", or "no ho". (g) Use of "mank" and particularity of "any". (h) Remark (i) When demonstrative particles are repeated (j) The use of demonstrative/locative particles with relative verbs (k) The case of "izay". INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES 13. Used as substitutes to persons, animals, inanimate (a) They to not make distinction of number and gender. (b) "IZA" ?-ZOVY? (c) INONA? (d) Intercalation of "no". (e) Possessive. (f) Place "An'inona". (g) Do not confuse with "aninona, haninona (h) Doubling the interrogatives and using particles "na", "sa" CHAPTER V ROOTS and VERBS 14. The key to the Malagasy language is the verb, the key to the verb is the root THE ROOTS may be (a) a simple active or passive verb, a substantive, an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection (b) secondary roots (c) From a root, may derive a multiplicity of noun and verbal forms, compound substantive, substantive composed of many elements, substantive of usual manner or an agent substantive, an adjective 15. VERBS: SIMPLE STRUTURE (a) The verbal root does not change form whatever the person and the number of the subject (b) The personal pronouns are the elements in which we determine person an number of subjects (c) Auxiliary verbs like "to be", " to have", "to do" and their derivatives do not exist in Malagasy. There is no verb "to be". (d) Tenses of verbs: Three tenses are used in Malagasy 16. ACTIVE VERBS (a) Active verbs: transitive, beginning with "m", "mi", "ma", "man". 16 (a)(1): "M", "Mi" suffixed to roots 16 (a) (2): "Ma", "Mam", "Man" suffixed to roots beginning. with vowels a, e, i, o and consonants b, d,, g, j, n (b) Active verbs: Intransitive. Sometimes begin with "mi", "mian", "miha", "mitan", except "tonga", "tamy", "avy". "Ma", "man", "mana", "mank", "manka", "maha". 16 (b)(1): "M", "Mi" forming active intransitive verbs (c) "Ma", "Mam", "Man" form active intransitive verbs 16 (c)(1): Most consonants at the beginning of a root are dropped 16 (c)(2): "M", "Mi", "Man" prefixed to roots beginning with vowels or with consonants d, g, j... 16 (c)(3): Roots beginning with "h".. 16 (c)(4): Roots beginning with "l, r, z:..." changes to d, dr, j, k... 16 (c) (5): With "Man", one must drop s, t at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(6): "Man" becomes "Mam", when f, and p drop at the beginning of a root 16 (c)(7): "Ma" is only suffixed to roots beginning with m or n. 16 (c)(8): Sometimes "Man" becomes "Mam" when taking the place of v, or b, at the beginning of a root (d) Derivatives form "ma" and "mi" 16 (d)(1): Derivatives "mana", "mian", "miank", "miants", "mitan".. 16 (d)(2): Derivatives suffixes are developed later (sec. 18>>18c 17. INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES. (a) The negative form is obtained with use of "tsy". Negative imperative "aza + active verb.. (b) Interrogative from "moa", "ve", "moa...ve" (c) The negative-Interrogative form "Tsy....ve?". "Moa...tsy" (d) The Gerundive form (verbal substantive). (e) The progressive and frequentative forms. Use of adverb "mbola" The simple progressive introduced with prefix "miha" (f) The Reflexive form, use of reflexive pronoun "tena".. (g) Equivalent of defective or auxiliary verbs afaka, mety, sahy, mila, aoka, tokony, tsy maintsy, azo, mahazo, tia (ta-, te-), misy (h) Impersonal verbs preceded by "ny", or negative "ny tsy". (i) Ellipse verbs does not exist (j) Emphatic form use particles dia, no, tokoa, tena, indrindra, manko/mantsy. (k) The conditional form is obtained with use of "raha".. (1) The Duplicative form of all forms is developed below (Sec. 26(a)(5). 18. MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES (a) PROGRESSIVE FORM: Prefix "miha". (b) CAUSATIVE FORM (c) RECIPROCAL FORM (d) CAUSATIVE-RECIPROCAL (e) RECIPROCAL-CAUSATIVE CHAPTER VI COMPLEX STRUCTURES. PASSIVE FORMS 19. The complements to the verbs become subjects or predicates to the action (a) May be obtained by adjoining prefixes or suffixes to... - 19 (a)(1): Use of the prefixes "tafa", "voa" 19 (a)(2): Use of prefixes "a". 19 (a)(3): Root passives. Use of suffixes "ina", "ana" 19 (a)(4): Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na". Use of suffixe "na". Use of suffix "ena" 19 (a)(4): Passives from causative Passive from reciprocal Passive from causative-reciprocal Passive from reciprocal-causative Note: Abstract nouns obtained from relative verbs cannot (a)(5): Passive with use of "infixes" -in-, -si, z- Note: All passive forms may be [u in pas, present and future IMPERATIVE VERBS 20. FORMATION OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE (a): The active imperative. (b): One of the consonants f, m, s, v, z may be inserted before the final imperative "a". (c): Active verbs ending with "y" should be "ia" in the imperative form. "ia" contracts to "e" (d): Active verbs from root ending with "y" : add to their final syllable "a" to obtain an active imperative form (e): Active verbs with final "ka", "tra", "na", "ny": the letter "k" changes to "h". Letters "t" and "r" may drop. Accent shift to... (f): The active imperative is only followed by one or two accusative and cannot be suffixed with a personal pronoun (g): USE OF ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 21. (a): FORMATION OF PASSIVE IMPERATIVES Non-accented letters "a", "o", "y" or accented "e" on the final syllable of a passive verbs, adjectives, or shifting the accent... FORMATION RULE (b): Substitute letter "o", "y", or "oy" to final suffixes "ana", "ina", "ena... (c): Keep passive prefixes "a" and the passive form, substitute "o", "y", "oy" to final passive "ina", "ana", "ena". Some rule may supply... (d): Accent on final "a". Or add final "a" root noun / adjective ending with "o", "у". Or shift accent to pre-final syllable (e): When final imperative "e" is the contracted form of "ia", infix "s, v, z, f" is introduced (f): Add non-accented letters "y", "o", or "a"; letters "s, v, z, f' may be infixed to root noun /adjective ending with "a". (g): Imperative Passive of roots ending with "ka", "tra", "na".. (h): Add at the end neutral or appropriate personal pronouns followed by the eventual accusative complement (i): Use of the imperative-passive. Add "mba" or "mba...kely", "aoka".. (j): Perfective Passive prefixes "voa" and "tafa". (a): Active and passive imperative of the following forms: causative, causative-reciprocal, reciprocal-causative forms 22 (a)(1): Simple forms. Active, passive, imperative, relative 22 (a)(2): Rules to form causative-imperative 22 (a)(3): Rules to form the reciprocal-active-imperative 22 (a)(4): Rules to form the causative-reciprocal active imperative 22 (a)(5): Rules to form the reciprocal-causative imperative 22 (a)(6): Rules to form relative forms: Drop "m" of the active voice, add the eventual infix "s", and end with "ana"АМЯОЧ Change prefix "an" with causative "amp", reciprocal "ifan", causative-reciprocal "ampi", and reciprocal-causative "ampifamp".. Note: Active relative and passive relative are the same in all cases and end with "ana"; a shift of accent.... 23. NEGATIVE-IMPERATIVE. "Aza" is placed before the verb, the root verb and root adjective, in all prohibitive forms (a): The circumstances in which action is accomplished can be a matter positive and negative imperative (b): When the prohibitive "aza" is used 24. USE OF THE RELATIVE FORM The relative voice is used in TWELVE cases. Neutral, future and past tenses... 24 (a)(1): Relation of TIME 24 (a)(2): Relation of PLACE 24 (a)(3): Relation of MANNER 24 (a)(4): Relation of INSTRUMENT. 24 (a)(5): Relation of REASON-OCCASION-CAUSE..... 24 (a)(6): Relation of REASON-GOAL-PURPOSE 24 (a)(7): Relation of PRICE 24 (a)(8): PERSON FOR/FROM WHOM, THING FOR/FROM WHICH 24 (a)(9): PARTITIVE RELATION to 24 (a)(10): PASSIVE RELATION, NEUTRAL TENSE..... 24 (a)(11): NY + RELATIVE = an abstract or a verbal noun 24(a)(12): EQUIVALENCE WITH ENGLISH GERUNDIVE.... 24(a)(13): THE IMPERATIVE RELATIVE: Rule CHAPTER VII 25. NOUNS. (a): Are nouns, or have the value of common nouns. 25 (a)(1): There is no distinction of gender for Malagasy nouns 25 (2)(2): There are neither prefixes nor suffixes to mark the plural (b): Nouns from all verbal forms preceded by appropriate prefixes 25 (b)(1): Nouns from active verbs 25 (b)(2): Nouns from active causative verbs 25 (b)(3): Nouns from active reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(4): Nouns from active causative-reciprocal verbs 25 (b)(5): Nouns from relative forms of verbs, preceded with "f, fa, fan, fi, faha" and ending with "ana". 25 (b)(6): Adjectives and nouns from relative forms of verbs preceded by "ha, faha" and ending with "ana" to express an abstract meaning, a status of being 25 (b)(7): Nouns formed from root ending with relative suffix "ana, ena". 25 (b)(8): A nouns may be adjoined to another noun to form a compounded noun with an apposition or a genitive sense 25 (b)(9): Nouns of persons: all personal names have some distinct meaning 25 (b)(10): Nouns of place: all names have some distinct meaning CHAPTER VII 26. ADJECTIVES 26 (a)(1): There are three sorts of adjectives: root adjectives, participles and passive verbs, composed adjectives formed with the root preceded by prefixes "m,ma" or root ending with suffixes "ana, ina, ena". 26 (a)(2): An adjective may play the role of-an epithet, an attribute, an adjective of material... 26 (a)(3): When a adjective precedes a noun Vдтя not introduced by "ny", it may be used as an attribute or an epithet 26 (a)(4): Tenses in adjectives 26 (a)(5): Reduplicated form. 26 (a)(6): Adjectives of color 26 (a)(7): Comparative an superlative adjectives 26 (a)(8): Imperative from adjective ΚΥ 27. HOW TO COUNT. (a) THE NUMERALS.. How to say. 28. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS (a) 25 Possibilities of forms 29. MONETARY SYSTEM 30. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS 31. THE HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS 31 (a)(1): HOURS counted from 1 to 12 preceded with "amin'ny" and followed with -maraina, antoandro, tolakandro, hariva, alina 31 (a)(2): Minutes counted by unit of 1 to 60 followed b "sy", "mahery, latsaka, of five minutes, the hour + 10 mn, etc... 31 (a)(3): The seconds, counted by unit from 1 to 60 CHAPTER VIII 32. ADVERBS (a) Adverbs of place (b) Adverbs of time (c) Adverbs of manner and degree (d) Adverbs of affirmation, negation (e) Adverbs of doubt (f) Interrogative adverbs (g) Adverbs of quality, quantity or manner. (h) Place of adverb in a sentence 33. PREPOSITIONS: simple and compound (a) Simple prepositions (b) Compound prepositions (c) Syntactic c (a)(1): Syntactic Note (1): do not require the use of... c (b)(2): Syntactic Note (2): In the case of double accusatives c (c)(3): Verbs may substitute prepositions 34. CONJUNCTIONS (a) Serving to connect words woH (b) Serving to connect words in a phrase that form a syntactic unit (c) Serving to connect various clauses: (1) Conditional, (2) Causal, (3) Declarative, (4) Inferential,. (5) Final, (6) Temporal (d) Serving to connect independent sentences to subordinate sentences (e) Syntactic rules for conjunctions 35. INTERJECTIONS Place of interjections CHAPTER IX. 36. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (a) In Malagasy there are phrases without verbs and with verbs 36 (a)(1): Phrases without verbs 36 (a)(2): Phrases with verbs (b): SUBJECT. 36 (b)(1): The subject of a verb may be a... 36 (b)(2): Place of subject (c) INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT. 36 (c)(1): Particle "No" applies an emphatic sense to the subject and at the same time isolates it from... "No" occurs in constructions of Assertive, interrogative, imperative, hortative, 120 negative-imperative sentences Sentences with indication of time, place, cause, reason... 36 (c)(2): Particle "Dia". to clearly point out the subject to establish a balance between two phrases in a sentence to mark the superlative 37. COMPLEMENT (a) The complement may be a noun, a verb, a.... (b) The complement may be a noun, a pronoun.... (c) Place of the complement: 37(c)(1) to.......(37(c)(8) 38. TWO MAIN DIFFICULTIES TO OVERCOME 38 (a)(1) - The possibility for the subject to change place 38 (b)(1) - The importance of identifying roots

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UNE LECTURE MALGACHE DE LA RECONCILIATION SELON SAINT PAUL L'EVANGILE DE LA RECONCILIATION LE CONTEXTE PAULINIEN DE LA RECONCILIATION Une réalité cosmique Une réalité humaine Une réalité spirituelle L'EVANGILE Le porte parole de la réconciliation La parole de réconciliation L'évangile de la réconciliation selon Paul L'ANNONCE DE L'EVANGILE Paul, un réconcilié avec Dieu Paul, Ministre de l'évangile Le ministère de la réconciliation ACCUEILLIR L'EVANGILE OU SE RECONCILIER AVEC DIEU Nous sommes en ambassade: le sens original et implicatif d'une rencontre L'expérience corinthienne de l'évangile L'expérience chrétienne malgache L'EVANGILE DE LA RECONCILIATION EN CONTEXTE MALGACHE DE FIHAVANANA Le Fihavanana, une réalité malgache Interrogation sur la cosmovision malgache Le sens malgache du Fihavanana. Essai d'interprétation Le fihavanana traditionnel face aux mutations sociales et idéologique Malgache qui es tu? Rabefihavanana, l'homme malgache La famille, milieu privilégié de référence du Fihavanana Le fihavanana: lieu d'expression de l'être malgache Le fihavanana chez les Betsileo Le milieu Betsileo à Madagascar Fondement et projet de l'éducation dans la société Betsileo Le lanonana Betsileo, expression suprême du fihavanana La spiritualité malgache à travers le Fihavanana Le Fihavanana lié à l'expérience religieuse malgache Saisir la spiritualité malgache Au Coeur du Fihavanana: l'intuition de la vie aina UNE HERMENEUTIQUE MALGACHE DE LA RECONCILIATION CHRETIENNE UNE COMPREHENSION MALGACHE DE LA RECONCILIATION CHRISTOCENTRIQUE Le réconciliateur divin Une réconciliation Justification Jésus Christ réconciliateur de l'homme et de l'univers cosmique Jésus Christ réconciliateur divin du Fihavanana humain L'évènement Jésus Christ, accomplissement et plénitude de la réconciliation Un évènement familial; Jésus Christ le Fils Un évènement ecclésial: Jésus Christ le Premier né Un évènement salvifique: Jésus Christ le Rédempteur UNE NOUVELLE EXISTENCE DE RECONCILIE Etre en Christ mort et ressuscité: la christification paulinienne Etre en christ et être Malgache: Le drame de notre époque Le fihavanana en Christ, nouveaux critères et nouvelle existence Christocentrisme paulinien et anthropocosmocentrisme malgache comme chemins de réconciliation La plénitude du christ comble l'être et le devenir de l'homme malgache Jésus Christ, Homme du Fihavanana total Fihavanana chrétien ou la saisie malgache de la réconciliation christocentrique UNE THEOLOGIE CHRETIENNE MALGACHE Une théologie de la réconciliation chrétienne selon Paul La théologie paulinienne de la réconciliation La réconciliation chrétienne est un don de Dieu La réconciliation chrétienne comme terme de foi, d'éspérance et de communion Une herméneutique malgache de la réconciliation chrétienne dans et par le fihavanana avec Dieu Etre réconcilié avec Dieu: la vocation de tout homme Réconcilier ou faire de la théologie en milieu malgache de Fihavanana Un fihavanana chrétien, signe d'une nouvelle existence personnelle et communautaire Fonder l'église en milieu païen L'église de Dieu qui est à Corinthe Les fondements théologiques de l'écclésiologie paulinienne Fiangonana: L'église de Dieu en milieu malgache Une église Fihavanana Eglise et fihavanana, facteurs communs de réconciliation Une communauté de célébration de célébration de la Parole, un lieu de communion eucharistique et un milieu de fihavanana chrétien Un vidage malgache du christianisme